Don’t Waste Your Life

Flautist, john. Don’t squander Your Life. Wheaton, Illinois: Cross Way Books:2003, Pgs 191. Since 1980, John Piper has been the minister for lecturing at Bethlehem Baptist Church in the core of Minneapolis. Reason for this Book and Summary The principle reason for which John Piper composed this book was to support Christians and non Christians to not squander their lives (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). John Piper needs all individuals to know the reason for which they were made and to live for it. Moreover, John Piper reveals to us that we have a place with God; we don't have a place with ourselves since God got us at a price.It isn't about how to dodge an injured life however how to stay away from a squandered life. The Bible is perfectly clear: God made us for his brilliance. Along these lines says the Lord â€Å"Bring my children from a remote place and my little girls from the closures of the earth, each and every individual who is called by name, whom I made for my glory† (Isaiah 43:6-7). Life is squandered when we don't live for the magnificence of God. The Bible says that, you can part with all that you have and convey your body to be singed and have not love (1 Corinthians: 13:3). On the off chance that you don’t go-to people to God for everlasting happiness, you don’t love. You squander your live.The inverse of squandering life, is the living by a solitary God-lifting up, soul-fulfilling energy. The very much lived life must be God-commending and soul-fulfilling in light of the fact that that is the reason God made us (Isaiah 43:7; Psalm 90:14). Gracious, what number of lives are squandered by individuals who accept that the Christian live methods essentially maintaining a strategic distance from disagreeableness and accommodating family. In this way, there is no infidelity, no taking, no killing, no misappropriation, no extortion, just loads of difficult work during the day, and bunches of TV and recordings, and heaps of fun stuff toward the end of the week, woven around chapel (mostly).This is life front a large number of individuals. Squandered life. We are made for increasingly, undeniably more If we want that there be no gloating aside from in the cross, at that point we should live approach the cross, in fact we should live on the cross (Gal 6:14). Gloating in the cross happens when you are on the cross (Gal 2:19-20). â€Å"I have been killed with Christ, it is no longer I who live yet Christ who lives in me. Furthermore, the life and now live in the substance I live by confidence in the Son of God, who cherished me and gave himself for me. † Living amplify Christ is exorbitant. This isn't unexpected. He was crucified.He calls us to tail him. †If anybody will come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me† (Mark 8:34). A real existence gave to making a big deal about Christ is expensive. On the off chance that our single, sweeping energy is to make a big deal about Christ throughout everyday life and passing, and if the existence that amplifies him more than anything else is the life of exorbitant love, at that point life is hazard, and hazard is correct. To run from it is to squander your life. Significant Themes Some of the subjects examined in this book: flaunting just on the cross, the blasting focus of the brilliance God, preferable to lose your life over to squander it.John Piper introduced these topics delightfully under enthralling sub points in the book; every one of which heats up the heart and furthermore challenges not to squander their life. There is actually no story line from my perspective, however that change the way that the subjects have been treated through efficient musings. Assessment Don’t Waste Your Life to me is great. I state so in light of the fact that, when you read each page, you have a feeling that you are not satisfying hope, it like you are not doing as much as you should be doing.The book is so ro using to such an extent that it gives another test, and revives a withering energy. The book causes one to feel like one needs to rededicate his life to Christ and start once more. John Piper causes one to feel if another opportunity to brought into the world again truly so as to compensate for the squandered years, one would falter to get a handle on that opportunity. The book doesn't leave anybody detached, regardless of whether adherents or unbelievers. The book tends to each general public and culture, that is, it applies across cultures.The logic in the presentation of section five that says: If our single widely inclusive energy is to make a big deal about Christ throughout everyday life and passing and if the existence that amplifies Him more than anything else is the life of expensive love, at that point chance is correct. To run from it is to squander your life. This logic appears to me to be the center of John’s thought in this book. The individuals who feel that Ch ristianity is walk in the park can get from this book with scriptural support that there additionally the parts of enduring in it. Application This book resembled a suggestion to me, from now, I realize that I should be responsible concerning how I utilize or spend my time.I have come to understand that there are thing s one might be doing believing that they are significant thinks in the side of God, just to acknowledge after that it was a complete exercise in futility. For instance, the various church programs that we have that don't promptly go-to people to Christ, rather, some even demoralize individuals from following Christ. I won't squander my life. I prescribe this book to all Christians paying little mind to their situations in Church. This book will be of help to non-Christians too.

Reflection Report And Learning From An Experience Education Essay

The examination study is a signifier of thought, how to break down dependent on comprehension and feeling. As an executive self image dissect to accept about fizzling and qualities. In this examination, it is have to focus on imparting achievements, cut heading, extend course, risk bearing, investigation, self rationale and course ( self judgment, self rating, self response, and smugness ) , work goals, crew effectivity and undertaking arranging. The main points of this investigation are expected to talk and focus on following segment: Long lasting larning after this postulation class understanding Experience and Importance of gathering work and relationship with crew individuals Significance to keep up everyday dairy for long count endeavors, for example, thesiss, investigate work contemplates or any long capable endeavors. Examination is a progression of measure to see down for future notice and help Significance of examination and research we accomplished for our task preparing of running endeavor Nature of business related to subject Mentor and gathering individuals recommendation and exhorts so note down in thought dairy Fundamentally agonizing insight is a strategy to dissect him/her sense of self inside and significantly and occurring out the issue of unsteadiness, settle somewhere near the experience which makes the hugeness of personality. Furthermore, gains from a similar reiteration experience and transformed him/her sense of self solidly by the outcome of encounters. Reflection design is the signifier of inner self awareness and personality appraisal and portrays the outcome and aftereffects of individual ‘s actions.Remembrance of Experiences ( Weekly Detailed Dairy )WeekDateActivity01 14 - 06-2010 First hebdomad, we went to the presentation meeting of AMP Module given by Vincent Ong, and larn how to create an investigation and how to follow the configuration and so forth from strong mentor. After that Academic Liaison Librarian has give the detailed data about way to set the referencing in our investigation and module enchiridion of AMP was given to us all. Following twenty-four hours movement was about the written falsification and turnitinUK. JBK clarified us sing rethinking and normal for turnitinUK. They other than helped us in chase of related articles from computerized library. First clasp, I have discovered that how to set cardinal words in progress chase and get the journals and articles called normal research to uniqueness and back up our work. Loot clarified us about the examination study and how it is applicable with our investigation and what makes a decent thought investigation and what ought to be the development of study. After that we have gathered enchiridion of AMP subject. During this hebdomad we have shaped a gathering of 10 individuals as we as a whole previously cooperated so we knew one another. One thing in support of us that working with known gathering individuals will chop down clasp brought to get down acting and trepidation of each casing of work. Get bringing down of this hebdomad we as a whole felt energized and idealistic. As we got data about work we turned out to be all the more recognizing, confused and uncertain and our subject other than made us extremely uncertain and biting the dust. Be that as it may, after two yearss encephalon inclining with bunch individuals and expand treatment with mentor consoled us, and gave us clarification and indicated right way. As a rule we discovered that expansive extent of assets and journals are accessible in our library ; it was dissected that without the mentor direction might be we would be on the inaccurate way. We other than comprehend the significance of refering to. Instructions to looking into the stuff from various scholars and significance of sharing musings each piece great as we comprehend the significance of optional research. Found out about the significance of the clasp bearing in attempted and appropriate referencing ; might be some activity will be experienced during the endeavor like in close to home arranging and in pull offing a gathering. Learning arrangement in this hebdomad would resemble how to happen pertinent data all the more solidly and educated the interest to keep records about everyday exercises of progression. 02 21-06-2010.This hebdomad, I have perused the enchiridions and all stuff given by mentor. Two articles in enchiridion are extremely much accommodating for understanding the subject. Today we start our endeavor ; we did research and discovered 5-6 articles about imprint advertise decision and contrast somewhere in the range of B2B and B2C designs. Going up against much difficulty in examine about the significant subject on the grounds that our subject is a lot of dangerous and perplexing. Following two twenty-four hours battling and with various cardinal words as recommended by mentor, we came at one purpose of start. Need to comprehend the union Main Report like how to pull grounds and assess and present our ain thoughts in Report. It was prompted that the central investigation ought to be union rather than expressive. A bunch of hurdlings came while looking for the subjects. To twenty-four hours I got some utile articles and in the wake of perusing got some utile purposes of my requests. This hebdomad we had a gathering on Friday to work out the issues sing the dread of subjects and their cardinal styles for chase. 03 28-06-2010 This hebdomad, encountering a lot of difficulty while perusing, reevaluating and looking at the articles of various essayists and various sides sing my subject and cardinal words. Before begin creating the writing reappraisal, I should require to comprehend and break down the Harvard System for legitimate referencing. So Google it and occur and comprehend the numerous methods of seting refering to for article, journals and books, for example, articles with losing day of the month, losing essayist ‘s name, with mutiple or two author ‘s work and so forth. Today, I began my work on theory and I made a booklet of my all downloaded article and took the print and read two of them so do the combine point from them I have been begun my work from writing reappraisal which is the main natural structure of the examination where we needs to set our capacity to deliver a nature of work at that place. I had composed my combination point from two articles. This hebdomad we had a second gathering on Friday to work out the issues sing the worry of subjects and part a few considerations each piece great as looked through article with one another other than our endeavor chief direct us some utile subject identified with solicit foring stamp from mechanical arrangements. I have chosen to part my work section savvy as guided us by our AMP staff Coordinator. So we come the point that work ought to be start from writing reappraisal development. 04 05-07-2010 Today I got my outcome ; I had passed my in all resources. Thankss to Almighty GOD. Today I other than survey the one more article which is introduced in a worldwide meeting sing issues identified with ICT looking by SMEs organizations. So remove some central point from this article and note down. In our gathering we talked about the contrast between E-business and E-begin, it found about an intricate perusing that e-start is connected to the B2B and e-business is connected with B2C. Besides from surveies one thing come out that is advanced related stocks and computerized inconsequential product. Our endeavor crew pioneer clarified and unmistakably separated that carefully related product for example bundle applications, itinerant telephones, computerized cameras were progressively appropriate for web based business, and all the more simple sold over the internet not at all like carefully disconnected stocks like furniture where shoppers must want inspect genuinely before a buy is made. We other than talked about and concentrated further on the cardinal issues and thought sing the stamp greeting for site advancement arrangement. 05 12-07-2010 In writing reappraisal, looking at of all examination laborers and scholars work applicable to theme is extremely much hard and diverse nature of work for me. It is seen that all exploration specialist focusing the comparative issue that affecting the activity while organization is heading out to B2C showcase and recommends a similar interest and cardinal thought. As I am holding the main involvement with this level of writing reappraisal and work however it is tremendously intrigued and knowing endeavor for me. It is extremely simple to go amiss from the first subject during the writing reconsidering method. Sensed that entertainment from my unique subject in this bit of work. May God help me to make this in great and most ideal ways identified with request subject interest. 06 19-07-2010 This hebdomad I was non ready to deal with my investigation because of my some close to home fight and some family issues so I was out of station. 07 26-07-2010 This hebdomad, I began to comprehend and amend a few articles and paperss on offering. As I have to comprehend that how to request the stamp for innovative and bundle arrangements. Issues come up while creating on approach foring stamps for innovative arrangement. Since greeting of stamps for capable and non capable arrangement are a lot of befuddling and related work. In any case, feel comparative intriguing as I am holding the new expertness and expertness in this new nation of offering. I do n't hold any understanding of perusing such sort of paperss. As I was stuck on the proportion of ask foring stamp so today I talked with the crew head of our gathering so she help me out in trepidation of this particular point that what are the cardinal interest for ask foring the stamps as I was accepting on the arrangement like that sing offering yet she tackled my issue and sent a few articles for writing reappraisal identified with this. She is extremely much helping individual and pleasant woman and she ought to be a decent crew pioneer in future. 08 02-08-2010 Disarray origin on welcome stamp for web advancement that whether it should b E-offering or ordinary conventional way. Another issue that I was standing up to that in the vast majority of offering article there is no appropriate essayist or research specialist name. Generally the organization and authoritative name are referenced w

Burned Biscuits

Burned Biscuits When I was a little child, my mom liked to make breakfast food for dinner every now and then. And I remember one night in particular when she had made breakfast after a long, hard day at work.On that evening so long ago, my mom placed a plate of eggs, sausage and extremely burned biscuits in front of my dad. I remember waiting to see if anyone noticed! Yet all my dad did was reach for his biscuit, smile at my mom and ask me how my day was at school. I dont remember what I told him that night, but I do remember watching him smear butter and jelly on that biscuit and eat every bite!When I got up from the table that evening, I remember hearing my mom apologize to my dad for burning the biscuits. And Ill never forget what he said: “Baby, I love burned biscuits.” Later that night, I went to kiss Daddy good night and I asked him if he really liked his biscuits burned. He wrapped me in his arms and said, “Your Momma put in a hard day at work today and shes real tired. And besides a little burned biscuit never hurt anyone!”You know, life is full of imperfect things and imperfect people. Im not the best housekeeper or cook. What Ive learned over the years is that learning to accept each others faults and choosing to celebrate each others differences is one of the most important keys to creating a healthy, growing, and lasting relationship. And thats my prayer for you today!By Deb Billy Graham

Assignment †Unit 1 Child and Young Person Development

Assignment – Unit 1: Child and young person development Task A - Complete tables Complete the following four tables showing the different stages of development against the different ages and identify how development is holistic by showing links to other developmental aspects. 1. Physical development 2. Intellectual development 3. Communication development 4. Social, emotional and behavioural development (Ref 1.1, 1.2) Theorists in Child development:- Piaget – Cognitive Development - Observed his own children, plus others to develop his theories. His theory is broad and runs from birth to adolescence and includes concepts of language, scientific reasoning, moral development and memory. Piaget believed that children went†¦show more content†¦|years, this can impact the following other areas of development:- | |Vygotsky’s Sociocultural |Reflexes mature and gain control over movements. Within | | |Theory. |their second year they will start to walk and be able to |Social, emotional and behavioural development – Slower to | | |point and use their hands to hold things and feed |socialise in certain situations. | |Piaget Cognitive |themselves and will start to dress and undress | | |Development Theory. |themselves. They will begin to play ball, enjoy climbing |Intellectual development – Delays to motor skills will delay | |Sensorimotor |furniture and stairs. By their third year they will be |writing and pencil grip. | | |walking and running with confidence and have more control| | |Erik Erikson’s |when using pencils and will enjoy looking at books and |Communication development – Physical disability tongue tied. | |Psychosocial Theory. |will start to explore toys like tricycles. |Delayed speech due to aShow MoreRelatedPrinciple for Implementing Duty of Care in Health, Social or Children and Young Peoples Setting997 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Overview Introduction This assignment is intended to provide evidence of a candidate’s knowledge and understanding of the principles for duty of care in health, social care or children and young people’s settings. By completing all tasks within the assignment, the candidate will provide evidence that meets the Learning Outcomes and assessment criteria for Unit 054, Principles for Implementing Duty of Care in Health, Social Care or Children and Young People’s Settings. 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Alzheimers Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1414 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Alzheimer's Disease Essay Did you like this example? Alzheimers disease(AD) is a neuropsychological disorder in which the death of brain cells causes memory loss and cognitive decline. AD is the number one cause of Dementia. Symptoms of this disease begin slowly and get worse over time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alzheimers Disease" essay for you Create order There has been a major rise in the cases of dementia over the past decade and cases are expected to double by 2050. There is no current evidence supported treatments yet, because there is no found way to reverse the death of brain cells. There are currently no disease-modifying drugs available for AD, but some options may reduce the symptoms and help improve quality of life. Therapeutic interventions are available to make it easier for people to live with the disease. Introduction/Background Alzheimers disease was first discovered in 1906 by Doctor Alois Alzheimer. Dr. Alzheimer had a patient that was brought in to the hospital because of personality change, memory loss, behavioral changes, and inability to comprehend simple things. Dr. Alzheimer saw the patient for a few years until her death in 1906. Dr. Alzheimer performed an autopsy on the patient, where he discovered important factors of the brain that are still used today. Dr. Alzheimer found a number of pathological conditions, including shrinking of the cortex and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques. With that information he diagnosed the patient with senile dementia a serious disease of the cerebral cortex, which is known today as Alzheimers disease. Alzheimers disease is now classified as a degenerative disease characterized by the death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain. The most obvious symptom of AD is memory loss. Usually those who develop the disease are over 65 years ol d. DSM-V Classification of Alzheimers Disease In the DSM-V Alzheimers Disease is classified as a neurocognitive disorder. Neurocognitive disorders are classified to begin with delirium, followed by the syndromes of major neurocognitive disorders, mild neurocognitive disorders, and their etiological subtypes. In these neurocognitive disorders, the impaired cognition was never present until the symptoms appear. The DSM V diagnostic criteria for Alzheimers is as follows: A. The criteria are met for major or mild neurocognitive disorder, B. There is insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains, C. Criteria is met for either probable or possible Alzheimers disease is met. The DSM V also states Beyond the neurocognitive disorder (NCD) syndrome (Criterion A), the core features of major or mild NCD due to Alzheimers disease include an insidious onset and gradual progression of cognitive and behavioral symptoms (Criterion B). The typical presentation is amnestic (i.e., with impairment in memory and learning). Unusual nonamnestic presentations, particularly visuospatial and logopenic aphasie variants, also exist. At the mild NCD phase, Alzheimers disease manifests typically with impairment in memory and learning, sometimes accompanied by deficits in executive function. At the major NCD phase, visuoconstructional/perceptual motor ability and language will also be impaired, particularly when the NCD is moderate to severe. Social cognition tends to be preserved until late in the course of the disease. A level of diagnostic certainty must be specified denoting Alzheimers disease as the probable or possible etiology (Criterion C). Probable Alzheimers disease is diagnosed in both major and mild NCD if there is evidence of a causative Alzheimers disease gene, either from genetic testing or from an autosomal dominant family history coupled with autopsy confirmation or a genetic test in an affected family member. For major NCD, a typical clinical picture, without extended plateaus o r evidence of mixed etiology, can also be diagnosed as due to probable Alzheimers disease. For mild NCD, given the lesser degree of certainty that the deficits will progress, these features are only sufficient for a possible Alzheimers etiology. If the etiology appears mixed, mild NCD due to multiple etiologies should be diagnosed. In any case, for both mild and major NCD due to Alzheimers disease, the clinical features must not suggest another primary etiology for the NCD (Criterion D). Brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimers Disease While developing Alzheimers Disease connections are destroyed between the cells in the brain, as the cells die in the cortex, it begins to shrink. The hippocampus is located in the cortex which is responsible for new memories being formed. Because of this damage to the cortex the symptoms of loss of memory, intelligence, judgment, and behavior begin to appear. When looking at the brain regions and neurochemical pathways involved in Alzheimers disease we first look at the what occurs in the brain when developing AD. The main pathological features found in the autopsies of AD brain are neuritic plaques, Neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss. Alzheimers disease begins with destroying neurons and their connections in parts of the brain involved in memory, including the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. It later affects areas in the cerebral cortex responsible for language, reasoning, and social behavior. Eventually, many other areas of the brain are damaged. Over time, a person wit h Alzheimers gradually loses his or her ability to live and function independently. Alzheimers disease is fatal. Most brain changes are not detectable until after death, and an autopsy is able to be performed. Many molecular and cellular changes take place in the brain of a person with Alzheimers disease. Areas of the brain attacked by AD include the Hippocampus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, the cerebellum, the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, the corpus callosum, and the thalamus. Symptoms of Alzheimers Disease Mild According to the national institute of aging Alzheimers disease progresses in several stages: preclinical, mild (sometimes called early-stage), moderate, and severe (sometimes called late-stage). In the beginning stage of AD known as the mild stage, a person may seem to be healthy but they begin to have trouble in everyday functions. At the early stage the individual is usually still able to detect that they are having some problems. This stage usually lasts about 2-4 years. Early symptoms include memory loss, poor judgment, taking longer to complete normal daily tasks, repeating questions, trouble handling money and paying bills, wandering and getting lost, losing or misplacing things, and mood and personality changes. The disease is able to be diagnosed at this stage because the symptoms are pretty clear and usual. Moderate Gradually the symptoms begin to worsen and supervision and care of the individual become necessary. This stage can range from 2-10 years. This stage of AD symptoms includes increased memory loss and confusion, inability to learn new things, difficulty talking, reading, and writing, difficulty organizing thoughts, shortened attention span, hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, impulsive behavior, restlessness, and outbursts of anger. Severe The ending stages of AD result in death. This stage lasts about 1-3 years. Since the brain is no longer able to function properly, the individual can no longer do just about anything for themselves. The ending symptoms of AD include the inability to communicate, weight loss, seizures, skin infections, difficulty swallowing, increased sleeping, and loss of bowel and bladder control. Luckily, there are medications that aid the individual with the symptoms of AD. Therapies being utilized to treat Alzheimers Disease Currently there is no cure for AD, but there are many therapies to assist and make the lives of those living with AD more comfortable. Therapies include drug therapy to help the symptoms of AD, and quality of life care. According to the National Institute of Aging Current approaches focus on helping people maintain mental function, manage behavioral symptoms, and slow down the symptoms of disease. Although there are medications that slow down some symptoms, there are no medications that actually stop the disease. The treatment for the mild stage of AD includes a medication called cholinesterase which helps prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. The treatment for the moderate stage of AD includes a medication called Namenda which helps regulate glutamate. Anxiety and depression medications are also given to help with the symptoms. Antipsychotics are also given to help with the hallucinations and paranoia. After the medications, the best treatment for someone with AD is a safe place where they can be when they are no longer able to do anything for themselves. Research today Much research is being done these days for AD. The Alzheimers Association has tons of different research funds in finding more causes, treatments, medications, and cures for AD. Because of the major increase of cases of AD and its expectancy to double by 2050, research is only getting bigger and more funded, which will hopefully amount to a cure of this disease.

Howard Zinn and the Us Constitution Free Essays

The late Howard Zinn is a much respected historian. His views are known to be bold and nonetheless controversial. In his book, â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,† Zinn touches on topics such as indentured servants, angry civilians, and the United States Constitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Howard Zinn and the Us Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indentured servants were people of a lower economic class who worked for people of a higher economic background. These servants worked for a given amount of time, usually between five and seven years and either worked for money, food, shelter, or freedom. Indentured servants were originally made up of mostly young white males who were trading their time in prison or their poverty for time working as a servant. The number of indentured servants began to decrease and soon after English colonists looked for other potential people to enslave. The Virginia colony needed labor. They needed to grow corn for subsistence, and needed to grow tobacco for export because they had just learned to grow tobacco. Virginia couldn’t make the Indians work for them like Christopher Columbus had done in the past. The colonists would be outnumbered if they decided to try to take over the Indians even though they were equipped with firearms. The Indians were resourceful, defiant, tough, and practically fearless. The colony needed an alternate choice. African slaves were the answer to Virginia’s labor problem. Blacks had already been imported as slaves to South America and the Caribbean to Spanish and Portuguese colonies. The blacks made enslavement easier because of how hopeless they were. They were robbed of their homeland and culture and in most cases they were separated from their families. Zinn referred to the slavery against the blacks to be the cruelest form of slavery in history. The British were taxing the colonial population to pay for the French war. Many colonists did not agree with the Stamp Act and wanted it repealed. That summer, Ebenezer Macintosh, a shoemaker, led a mob in destroying the house of a rich Boston merchants like Andrew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson. Rioters smashed up their houses with axes, drank all the wine in the cellars, and looted the houses of the furniture and other objects. English officers reported these acts to be a part of a larger scheme in which the houses of 15 rich people were to be destroyed. The riots against the Stamp Act swept Boston in 1767. It took the Stamp Act crisis to make the leadership aware of its dilemma. After the riots a town meeting was arranged and mainly upper and middle class citizens were allowed to attend. Zinn argues the Founding Fathers, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, may have had ulterior economic and class preservation motivations that were hidden by the universal language of the constitution document. Zinn also argues that the rich, in order to secure their own interests and economic status, must either control the government directly or control the laws by which government operates. Zinn often refers to the views and writings of historian Charles Beard. Beard studied the economic backgrounds and political ideas of the fifty-five men who gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the constitution. In his findings a majority of them were lawyers by profession, most of them were wealthy due to land, slaves, manufacturing, or shipping. Half of them had money loaned out at interest, and that forty out of fifty held government bonds according to the records of the treasury department. Beard also found that most of the makers of the constitution had some direct economic interest in establishing a strong federal government. Beard did not think the constitution as written to benefit the Founding Fathers personally. The problem of democracy in the post- revolutionary society was not however the constitutional limitations on voting. It lay much deeper beyond the constitution in the division of society into rich and poor. The constitution then illustrates the complexity of the American system: that it serves the interests of wealthy elite, but also does enough for small owners, for middle-income farmers and mechanics to build a broad base of support. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers, believed that the government must ally itself with the richest elements of society to make itself strong. How to cite Howard Zinn and the Us Constitution, Papers

Company Law Violation and Obligation

Question: Describe about the Company Law for Violation and Obligation. Answer: ASIC v Lindberg (2012) The present case signify that a director, acting in the power of managing director or chief executive, should be on high alert to examine any possible inconsistencies, mainly in the matter of high danger trade operations which have the possibility to cause the corporation severe harm. A director who does not meet his duty may be initiated to be in violation of the obligation of care and diligence. In the year 2007, a civil penalty proceeding was instituted by ASIC against Mr. Lindberg who was acting as the managing director of AWB Limited corporation. It was stated by ASIC that while acting in the capacity of the director of the corporation he has violated the Corporations Act 2001. As he was involved in AWBs Wheat trade with Iraq and there was a mis-utilization done by AWB of the Oil for Food Program which was administered by the United Nations. While in 2009, the tribunal initiated to listen to the trial, but after few days of the hearing, the events were adjourned in order to facilitate ASIC to modify its assertions which it made against Mr. Lindberg (Jade, 2016). The individuals, however, got themselves involved in a detailed negotiation and were arrived at on the contract to settle the proceedings. The settlement included Mr. Lindberg officially by admitting to four major violations of section 180 (1) of the Act concerning a failure by Mr. Lindberg to work out rational concern and the discharge of the other allegations which were made against him. Facts and Issues The decision of this case transmits to the extremely revealed measures connecting to AWBs suspected violation of a number of UN resolutions concerning Iraq. These declarations called on UN member states to avert the sale to Iraq of the supplies with some exemptions, which in compassionate situations included food articles. The Iraqi regime accesses to the unbreakable money were also denied by the UN states. The authorizations put in place the Oil for Food Program (OFFP), under which all the earnings which were made and received from the sale of Iraqi fuel were asked to be paid into an escrow account of UN. The resources were only be released from that account in order to pay for the importation of approved supplies, such as food articles. AWB was a major provider of wheat to Iraq under OFFP. The suspected violations which were made by UN resolutions were in connection with two major issues which include that: In connection to the wheat agreements the trucking fee of 10 % which was paid to a mediator corporation (Alia), was then approved on to the government as AWB facilitated the Iraqi government to get hard money. Furthermore, because a section of the pay for wheat which was obtained by AWB was intended to compensate for these payments, as it meant that the currency which was received from the UN escrow account was allegedly utilized other than for the payment for approved supplies. It was also asserted that a contract was entered upon by AWB with a third party, Tigris, in order to recuperate a balance of $8 million for the shipment of wheat to Iraq. The same was done by AWB by increasing the cost of wheat under OFFP agreements, which again resulted in payment from the UN escrow account for purposes other than payment for the approved commodities. Although, the contract was sanctioned by UN, but the increase of price and the purpose of the same was not being discussed. Furthermore, Tigris and AWB entered into an agreement which mis-leaded the payment of the recovered debt which was made by AWB to Tigris as a service fee. In accumulation, a wide range of actions were brought about by ASIC against Mr. Lindberg, including an action for a violation of his obligation to act in good faith while being in the position of a director. After a number of impediments and associated applications such as the applications to modify its declaration of assertions were made by ASIC, in late 2009 when the parties began a extensive procedure of cooperation in an effort to reconcile the act (Jacobson, 2012). Some other proceedings were also initiated by ASIC against other individuals, such as AWB's chief monetary executive, Paul Ingleby. The proceedings against the chief monetary executive were also advanced after which it was stated by Robson J that he has delivered a similar judgment in which he applied the principles which he had expressed in ASIC v Ingleby [2012] VSC 339. Rule and Relevant law Section 180 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) (Hunt Humphry Project Lawyers, 2016) entails that; all the directors of the corporation or other officials must exercise their authority and fulfills their obligations with care and diligence (Legal Vision, 2015) (Commonwealth Consolidated Acts, 2016). Section 180(1) (Black, 2014) offers that a director and the officials of a corporation must exercise their obligations with the degree of care and diligence which a rational individual would carry out if he or she: Was a director or official of a company in the situations of the corporation; Held the office, and had the same obligations within the company as an official or a director of the corporation. The reasonable individual which was mentioned above was referred in order to point out an intended standard of care which was constant with the growth of the corresponding fiduciary obligation (Australian institute of Company Directors, 2016). The predictable danger of impairment was unprejudiced against the probable benefits that could practically have been anticipated to put an impact on the corporation from the behavior which was in question (Lindberg, 2012). The tribunal also takes into account the prejudiced constituents of the position of an official and the specific situations of the pertinent company in examining whether the obligation has been violated or not. Section 180 also includes a business Judgment Rule under section 180(2) of the Act (Legal Services Commission of South Australia, 2016). A Business Judgment Rule was defined as any verdict which was made to take or not take action in respect of a matter which was relevant to the trade operations of a company (ICAEW, 2016).The Rule requires that a person who was a director of a corporation to make a trade verdict in order to: Make the verdict in good faith and for an appropriate objective; Not to have a material private benefit in the subject matter if the verdict; Inform themselves about the subject matter of the verdict to the extent they practically supposed to be proper; Rationally believe that the verdict was in the best interest of the company (Barker, 2013). The requirements which were mentioned above must be satisfied by the director in order to satisfy the constitutional obligation of care and diligence in respect of the Rule which he owed while being in the position of the Director. Application ASIC and Mr. Lindberg were settled on the fact that ASIC would formulate assertions of the violation of section 180 of the Corporations Act against the director in connection to four particular and restricted circumstances the facts of which were agreed upon between the parties (Garrett, 2014). These were that the director of the corporation failed to: Initiate investigations and determine whether the recovery of money amounting to $8 million which was Tigris debt from the UN escrow account by increasing the cost of wheat to be sold by AWB under OFFP agreements which was divergent to UN resolutions, or whether it was to arise with the data and acquiescence of the UN; Inform the board of AWB about the fact that the internal Project Rose examination of the corporation was restricted to assessment of certain documents which were in possession of the company; interviews with the existing workers and that former workers who were likely to have relevant data had not been interrogated; Inform the Group boards of the company that the debt of Tigris has been taken by the increase in the cost for wheat which was done under OFFP agreements, or about the survival of the agreement which was entered among AWB and Tigris or those amounts under it were mis- described as a commission and a success fee; and Inform the board until 2005 that, he had been informed by the IIC that the executives of the Hussein regime had informed them that Alia was use to the channel finances to the government of Iraq, and that no corporation was excused from paying the 10% trucking fee by which the corporation had always made its payments and they had always been through Alia, and the cost of wheat under the agreements of the corporation which had been decreased because the agreement cost included this 10% kickback (Jacobson, 2012). In respect of the above mentioned circumstances it was stated that the director has failed to discharge his obligations and exercise his authorities being at the position of the director of AWB with the degree of care and diligence that a prudent individual would exercise of they held an office while being a directive in the situations of AWB. But the individuals who were party to the contract agreed upon the fact that none of the violations included dishonest intention, intentional wrongdoing, etc. Furthermore, it was also agreed upon between the parties that, although revelations in connection to the involvement of the corporation in the OFFP caused considerable injury to the company and it workers; but it was not possible to make out an informal connection among the harm caused and the agreed violations which were made by the director (Supreme Court of Victoria, 2012). Conclusion In the conclusion it could be stated by the judge that he was satisfied by the fact that Mr. Lindberg, while being in the position of the director of the organization has violated section 180(1) of the Act as it was admitted by his own (Bozinovski, 2016). He held that the violations were all analogous to an admittance of carelessness which was done by the defendant in carrying out his obligations which he owed to the organization being a director and the worker of the organization. Although, none of the violations incorporated premeditated unlawful acts, or any dishonest intention, but the defendant failed to carry out his obligations as sensible director or officer which he would have done in his circumstance. So, in connection to section 180, it has been stated usually by the judge that the provision of directors duty of care and diligence was considered to be of substantial importance in the area of corporate law and that the corporate structure in a market economy depends on the investments of the shareholders of a corporation which were being administered by the directors of the organization (Government of Canada, 2016). In connection to the penalties for such a infringement which was made by the director of a corporation, it was held by the court that the violations were severe and that both the time of disentitlement and the financial punishments which were put forward by the parties fell within the permitted range. Therefore, the adjudicator has exercised his power to entail the debarment and pecuniary penalties as agreed. The tribunal also reffered the case of ASIC v Donovan ((1998) 28 ACSR 500) stating that in this case it was held that in this types of cases severe means that the evasion or disregard must be crucial or important. The considerations which were mentioned earlier against the contraventions have considered to be severe. However, as a very experienced director of the corporation the defendant would have gained a good idea of what would have amounted to a severe violation and so his admission was considered to be of vital significance. So, at the end it could be stated that the case confirms that only restricted guidance could be gained about the proper time for disqualifying any person from the previous matters or from any mathematical formulas. And the verdict grants further guidance on the obligation of care and diligence of directors which was mentioned under section 180(1) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), following on from the current cases of James Hardie, Centro decisions. The pronouncement also restates that there were some significant doctrines which were made in connection to the obligation of financial penalties and ineligibility order which followed the violation of section 180(1). References Australian institute of Company Directors. (2016) General Duties of Directors. [Online] Australian institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/resources/all-sectors/roles-duties-and-responsibilities/general-duties-of-directors [Accessed on 1/12/16] Barker, S. (2013) Directors Duties in The Anthropocene Liability For Corporate Harm Due To Inaction On Climate Change. [Online] Responsible Investment Banking. Available from: https://responsible-investmentbanking.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Directors-Duties-in-the-Anthropocene-December-2013.pdf [Accessed on 1/12/16] Black, A. (2014) NSW Young Lawyers Annual One Day Seminar - Business Law 2014 8 March 2014 Recent Developments in Corporate Law [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/NSWJSchol/2014/17.pdf [Accessed on 1/12/16] Bozinovski, G. (2016) A Storm Warning Directors Duties in Tightly Held Companies. [Online]Broadley Rees Hogan. Available from: https://www.brhlawyers.com.au/news/a-storm-warning-directors-duties-in-tightly-held-companies/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. (2016) CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 180. Care and diligence--civil obligation only. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s180.html [Accessed on 1/12/16] Garrett, J. (2014) The Directors Series: Part 2 - Fiduciary Duties. [Online] Moores.Available from: https://www.moores.com.au/news/the-directors-series-part-2-fiduciary-duties [Accessed on 1/12/16] Government of Canada. (2016) Archived Chapter 2: Duties of Directors. [Online] Government of Canada. Available from: https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cilp-pdci.nsf/eng/cl00692.html [Accessed on 1/12/16] Hunt Humphry Project Lawyers. (2016) Directors Duties in Relation to Company. [Online] Hunt Humphry Project Lawyers. Available from: https://www.huntandhumphry.com.au/directors-duties/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] ICAEW. (2016) ICAEW guide to the duties and responsibilities of directors. [Online] ICAEW. Available from: https://www.icaew.com/en/technical/business-resources/legal-regulatory-tax-governance/directors-duties/the-icaew-guide-to-the-duties-and-responsibilities-of-directors [Accessed on 1/12/16] Jacobson, D. (2012) ASIC v Lindberg (Awb) Update .[Online] Bright Law. Available from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-lindberg-awb-update/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Jacobson, D. (2012) ASIC v Lindberg: Awb Penalty. [Online] Bright Law. Available from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-lindberg-awb-penalty/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Jade. (2016) ASIC v Lindberg. [Online] Jade.Available from: https://jade.io/article/269532 [Accessed on 1/12/16] Legal Services Commission of South Australia. (2016) General Duties of Directors - Corporations Act 2001 (Ctth). [Online] Legal Services Commission of South Australia. Available from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch05s01s03s02.php [Accessed on 1/12/16] Legal Vision. (2015) Directors duty of care and diligence. [Online] Legal Vision. Available from: https://legalvision.com.au/directors-duty-of-care-and-diligence/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Lindberg, A. (2012) An Update From Australia AWB Wheat Kickbacks To Iraq Result In Sentences. [Online] FCPA Professor. Available from: https://fcpaprofessor.com/category/andrew-lindberg/ [Accessed on 1/12/16] Supreme Court of Victoria. (2012) Australian Securities Investments Commission [ ASIC ] v Lindberg [2012] VSC 332 (9 August 2012). [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/sinodisp/au/cases/vic/VSC/2012/332.html?stem=0synonyms=0query=title(ASIC%20and%20Lindberg%20) [Accessed on 1/12/16]

Argumentative Essay on Abortion free essay sample

Tribe my family is Batakness. Batakness culture is still important for Bataknese and also my family. A family wants a son in a family to continue the family tree to bring the surname of the family. Tradition of Batakness is not only about family name, but was associated with the wedding culture from Bataknese. Batak society, is familiar with the term custom; the term of the king indigenous peoples to show procession. King of custom is someone who understands the tradition of Batakness. When my cousin got marriage in July 1, 2010, my parent came. My mother wore the Kebaya, and brought Ulos. Upon arrival at wedding hall, the first program was, they carry out â€Å"Manjalo Pasu-pasu Parbagason† or Marriage Blessing. The next program, I saw many people brought Ulos and sang Batakness songs, after that some people started to Mandok Hata (say something that important to the party). The wife of my cousin must walk to the family the mother and her father, so that the parents will put rice to her upper head, it is a symbol to the bride so that they receive much grace, and then the host told again to next program Gratings Ulos by Parties for the women. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay on Abortion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After that my cousin and wife walked to the family, immediately their parents sad, because they will be separated, after that the husband and wife walked to podium and sing together. The last program is Manggarai, the words of prayer and blessing. The next program was entertainment of children, young people and also until to parents, many children went to podium for dancing and the name of dance is Manortor with music traditional Bataknese. I shocked, because my mother did not talk to me before. So, I should go and brought Ulos. I was really happy about that, because I got money from my uncle, brother and many people that also dancing. After that, I came back to my mother and I say, â€Å"Mom I got money and I have three hundred thousand rupiah† My mother laugh and said,† you have to good in Manortor, so that you get much money more than this money. And we were really happy. When I was a child, I don’t know the ceremony of Batakness, and also never saw them make the ceremony. I really want to know what they do. And now I know the traditional about my own ethnic, and it is the ceremony from Batakness. My planning, when I get married later, I want to have Batakness traditional for my wedding; because the ceremony from my ethnic is a mutual respect to each other and also teach the new bride to do the best for they own family.

Lpool Essays

Lpool Essays Lpool Essay Lpool Essay Liverpools post-Second World War decline took its toll on Toxteth. Increasing unemployment in the city, lack of government action, institutionalised racism within the police force and general poverty led to the 1981 Toxteth riots, for which the area is probably most famous. and crime Liverpools post-Second World War decline took its toll on Toxteth. Increasing unemployment in the city, lack of government action, institutionalised racism within the police force and general poverty led to the 1981 Toxteth riots, for which the area is probably most famous. Immigration to Toxteth took place from the 1950s to the present day, mostly from Africa and the Caribbean with relatively few from the Indian sub-continent. July 1981 saw the riots, in which dozens of young males caused a great deal of damage and many injuries. Poverty, unemployment, racial tension, racism from the local white population and hostility towards the police were largely blamed for the disturbances, which were among the worst scenes of unrest seen during peacetime in Britain at that time. Hundreds of people were injured, one man was killed by a police Land Rover, and countless buildings and vehicles were damaged. [4] Crime rates in Toxteth have been high for many years. As well as racial and civil unrest, vehicle crime has also blighted Toxteth. The highest-profile instance of vehicle crime in Toxteth came on 30 October 1991, when two children (nine-year-old Daniel Davies and 12-year-old Adele Thompson) were killed by a speeding Mazda sports car driven by 18-year-old joyrider Christopher Lewin on Granby Street. Adele died at the scene, and Daniel from his injuries a week later. Lewin was found guilty on a double manslaughter charge at Liverpool Crown Court on 24 September 1992 and sentenced to seven and a half years in prison, as well as being banned from driving for seven years. At the end of his trial, relatives and friends of the two victims pelted him with missiles and threatened to attack him. Five of them were ejected from the court. [5]

The most significant events in the decades following World War II Essay

The most significant events in the decades following World War II - Essay Example On one hand, the United States tried desperately hard not to let communism spread across the borders. On the other hand, the Soviet Union, having risen to the position military ascendancy, wanted to make sure it had a hold over other countries’ foreign, military and defense strategies. Additionally, the threat of a nuclear warfare became imminent with the respective centralizations of power in two regions that were geographically far apart. Europe became a focal point of contention for both the nations as neither of them was ready to forsake the advantages gained during the Great War. The Soviet Union assumed control of Eastern Europe courtesy of German’s defeat. The United States had political ambitions far greater than any other western countries in that it wanted to extend its military laterality to far and wide. Under these circumstances, developments on the political upfront following World War II were closely interlinked with one another. One event somehow heralde d and legitimized its succeeding chain of events. Moreover, each major event was conditioned by the situation leading up to it. This essay is going to elaborate on the major political events that took place in the next five decades following World War II. The events to be discussed are the rise of consumerism in the 1950s, the Vietnam War in the 1960s, Iranian revolution in the 1970s, the fall of Berlin Wall in the 1980s and global terrorism in the 1990s. Differences of opinion between the Soviet Union and the United States had existed for a long time, much before the Great War broke out in 1939. The great economic depression in the 1930s following the labor movements in Canada had already had a detrimental effect on American political idealism. An overwhelming sense of disillusionment and despair hovered upon the general psyche in the country. However, this difference of opinion did not surface much as both the nations formed allies to defeat the Axis forces. But once the War was

Reflective Learning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Learning - Case Study Example According to my observation, the concept of place value is equally hard for the teachers to make students develop an understanding of the same. Also known as Hindu Arabic system, it is fundamental to all further use of numerics. The multi digit numbers concept is quite tough to understand. The physical base 10 blocks help students to develop meaningful and conceptual structures for multi digit numbers(English & Halford, 1995) and also understand the analogical relationship between the blocks and numbers (Fuson, 1992). To overcome the difficulty of physical blocks, electronic system is also introduced which includes the grouping and regrouping of numbers and blocks with supported with an audio help. There are many mental and written strategies for understanding the concepts of the place value system and involving different calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc. mental strategies are very important as it records methods which is very useful for future understanding and reference. According to my observation, students apply and record these mental and written concepts strategies like I added 21+20 to get 41 and then added 5 to get 46, similarly for other numerical operations. Also students' own mental strategies are more competent then the written ones. The diagrammatic strategies involve: Solving problem via flow chart Finding relation between a quarter, halves, one thirds etc by diagrams Source: Board of Study, NSW, obtained from http://www.boardofstudies.nsw.edu.au/syllabus_sc/pdf_doc/03_maths_syl_number.doc. Placing them on a number line Source: Board o

Effects of Public and Private Monopolies on Consumer

Effects of Public and Private Monopolies on Consumer Public and private monopolies what are the positive and negative effects on the consumer An economy comprises of a large collection of firms and consumers that operate on the basis of market mechanisms known as supply and demand. These are used by firms to determine the level of production, the output required to meet consumption, the price as well as the consumption level. From a microeconomic point of view, markets that exist within the economy are governed by these mechanisms but in actuality this is not the case. Inconsistencies do occur in markets due to competition and firms within the markets tendency to earn more profits. Power to over produce and earn more profits comes from successful firms that attain equilibrium in the market or through mergers and acquisitions. As a result of horizontal integration (in which two or more firms join hands to produce in one industry) and vertical integration (firm develops market dominance by integrating indifferent stages of production) a market tends to develop monopolies(Tutor2u.com 2004). In such a market firms aim to generate higher profitability by increasing market share and by exploiting economies of scale. Competition in the market therefore is reduced as the result of firms growing through internal expansion. This kind of tactics according to economists harms the interests of the industry as well as the consumers which eventually lead to economic instability. To curb this, the government often adopt regulations to prevent monopolies from having an advantage over the existing or new firms and exploiting the consumers interests. Why monopolies are discouraged is because their tendencies to earn higher profits at the cost of allocate efficiency (Tutor2u.com2004). A monopolist would set the price of the product or service high to exploit the consumers needs and wants without satisfying incompletely. Consumer sovereignty thus is replaced by producer sovereignty (Tutor2u.com 2004). This turnaround from consumer sovereignty to producer sovereignty stems from the basic economic principles of economic welfare. Welfare refers to the best use of scarce resources in an economy. This means that welfare is about maximization of resources with optimum outcome(referred to as economic efficiency). Maximization means the firm needs to achieve: a. allocate efficiency resources being allocated to the activities where they are most valued; and b. productive efficiency resources being used in the most effective way possible (Coopers Lybrand 1996). Welfare economy is based on the free market concept with the assumptions that certain conditions are fulfilled. These conditions include large number of producers and consumers; it does not take into account of income distribution or equity considerations; there is perfect competition; and economic efficiency is achieved. Monopolies are also based on the economic models of competitive market and principles which include demand curves (D), supply curves (S), average cost curves (AC), marginal cost curves (MC) and marginal revenue curves(MR) (Coopers Lybrand 1996). Term definitions Demand curve refers to the demand by the consumers and the price they are willing or able to pay for the products. This is in turn governed by the budget constraints, relative prices, preferences and income. What the consumer is willing to pay and what is the actual price are different and the difference between the two is called consumer surplus. Supply curve illustrates the volume the producers are willing to supply at a given price. There is a difference between the actual price and the price at which the producer is willing to supply the products. Thesis known as producer surplus. Marginal cost refers to the cost for producing each additional unit of output. Marginal revenue curve show the total revenue earned by producers through a change in price and output demanded (Coopers Lybrand1996). Given the above constraints and principles, the researcher illustrates the condition of competitive market through the following model and leads the readers to the condition for monopolies. In a perfectly competitive market it is assumed that there are a large number of informed buyers and sellers. The producers are the price takers while the market price is governed by the supply and demand mechanisms. It is further assumed that should any seller tries to raise the price the consumer would switch to another supplier and hence the condition of the profit maximizing firm is such that it would attempt to increase output to attain equilibrium through marginal cost and market price. This would allow the producer to earn maximum profit, incur constant average cost and no fixed cost. This condition is denoted by AC=MC (as shown in the figure). In the above diagram one observes that the consumer surplus is the consumer’s ability to pay more indicated by the shaded area while there is no producer surplus. This means welfare maximization has been achieved. Even when the price is increased from P to P1 the output level would fall from O to O1, the consumer may not be willing to buy the product even if he/she has the money to do so. Alternatively, if the price is decreased from P to P2, below the MC then the level output would rise because the consumer is willing to buy more of the product at a lesser price. Hence, under perfect competition: the price is equal to the marginal costs Producers earn a normal profit (zero producer surplus); and economic welfare is maximised, so the outcome is economically efficient (Coopers Lybrand 1996). However, in the real world market condition and competition is far from perfect and this model of perfect competition is often marred by other kinds of unfair competition including m onopolies. In the classic case of the monopoly there is only one producer who is the price setter and the consumer is the price taker. The producer would maximize profit by setting the level of MR = MC and a price that the consumer will bear. In the following figure one observes that when the producer produce low level of output the MC is below the MR. What this tactic does is that it lets the producer to control the profit by increasing output while the price is set by the demand curve. Hence in a monopoly there is: - a lower level of output (O compared with O1); A higher price (P compared with P1); Profits in excess of those required to earn a reasonable return (ABDE is monopoly profit or producer surplus); and a reduction in economic welfare; the loss of consumer surplus -resulting from higher prices is ABCE, which is more than the benefit tithe producers in terms of higher profits (ABDE); this net loss, represented by the triangle BCD, is called dead-weight loss (Coopers Lybrand 1996). With this background monopoly can be defined as: A monopoly is a large, single supplier that dominates an industry(Cleaver 2002). A single producer dominates the market by setting the price and gains high profits through producer surplus at the cost of consumer surplus. A monopoly therefore compromises the economic welfare. A monopoly can further be categorized as private or public monopolies. Private monopolies can make huge profits by charging higher prices than a compet itive firm could demand for this reason they tend to be either outlawed in market societies or taken over byte state. Public monopolies are common, intending to provide public services (e.g. postal services transport, etc.) at low cost. The lack of competition for such giants, however, whether privately or publicly owned, tends to breed inefficiency: there is no incentive to serve the public well, since consumers have no other choice of producer to buy from. (Cleaver 2002). Problem Statement Given the above brief explanation of monopolies and the consumer’s position in the competitive market, one understands that economic theory form the basis for comprehending the structure of real markets, it does not actually present a realistic picture. A framework such as the above would guide the policy-makers in regulating the monopolists and establishing pricing policies but would it maximize consumer economic welfare? What are the effects on other firms? What impact do they have on the policies and the business environment? More importantly, how the differences between public and private monopolies affect these consumers? These are some of the aspects that the researcher aims to investigate in the following sections using the above framework as a guide. Methodology To illustrate the above problem statement the researcher adopts the qualitative method to carry out the research. This entails the use of secondary resources as well as primary resources. In the next section the researcher reviews secondary literature including magazines, newspapers, websites and educational institution material. To enforce the concept of public and private monopolies the researcher also takes into account of primary resources such as journal articles, books and official publications. The purpose of combining primary and secondary resources is to ensure that the researcher has based the analysis on both the theoretical and real life situation. To illustrate true life situation the researcher has also adopted the case study method. Case studies of Royal Mail and Microsoft have been included to represent public and private monopolies respectively. The cases would help the researcher and readers to understand why monopolies behave the way they do, and how they affect consumers as well as industry to which the firms belong. By combining both the qualitative and case studies the researcher aims to analyse and come to conclusive views of how monopolies operate, its negative and positive effects on consumers and what impact do they have on the business environment. Discussion Public monopolies In an economy there are public as well as private firms. The public and private nature of firms keeps a balance of private and public consumption. The rationale is that some goods and services are required by the public but they are not willing to pay for its welfare maximization. These goods and services are demanded by the people but nobody is willing to pay the price for its supplies. For this reason the government takes upon itself to create firms, either through deregulation or setting up independently, with the purpose to provide these public goods and services to the public. With the high demand in todays global market for higher efficiency and effective allocation of resources, many economies are opting for privatization of firms. Many consider privatization as more efficient even for public sector organizations. In the majority of countries, public utilities like electricity, gas, water and postal services remain in the control of the government. However, it must be noted that most of these utilities providing companies are running at a loss and cost of the government as there are only few people who are willing to pay for the goods and services provided. According to Edwin West (1982)Once in operation it is very difficult to stop individuals tuning into obtain its benefits free of charge. This creates the now familiar â€Å"free rider† dilemma, in which nobody will produce the good because nobody is willing to pay sufficiently to cover the costs. Since there is no value or profit involved, the government becomes the undisputed provider and therefore attains the role of the monopolist. In a public monopoly from an economic point of view there is only one seller in the market. Whatever profit, if any, acquired through the operation of the public monopoly belongs to the seller, in which case it is the government or the state. Public organization is owned by the government and often requires a lot of resources for its operations. Investments from taxes and the government budget provide for the required funding to operate these public entities. It may or may not operate for profit and hence a fixed profit is not expected from government owned firm. The public sector organization becomes the undisputed seller in the industry because it runs through state subsidy and can afford to operate at a lesser or zero price. For private enterprise to compete with this structure is highly difficult especially at an operating loss. This is illustrated as follows: In a state owned scenario the competitive market price is set at MC of dissemination and ED becomes the supply curve (S). Since this price is so low there is high demand for it. In some cases such as the Royal Mail there is a constant demand or outcome which does not get affected whether the price is low or high as postal services are required by the public regardless. However, as the producer is operating at a low price that means the cost of dissemination is high and the producer is operating at a loss. The overall result is welfare loss due to the fact that the producer surplus is less than the consumer surplus which equates to producer low surplus. In the following diagram one observe that the area ABDE is the consumer surplus which is basically a loss while the area ACDE is the producer surplus which is negated by the consumer loss. The net welfare BCD is less than the loss incurred on the consumer. Even when the government subsides and allocates more resources it would generate sub-optimal resource efficiency and thereby low social welfare. Government owned organizations such as the Royal Mail often require injection of investments by increasing the subsidies with the hope to increase the social benefit and welfare of the consumer. However, the external benefits may increase for a certain period only and relapse in the long run (see figure 6.3) (Coopers Lybrand1996). This has been the case of Royal Mail in the United Kingdom. The history of Royal Mail can be traced to the period of provocation in1979 in the UK. Most of the UK enterprises had been public enterprises and the government had taken extensive steps to privatize these enterprises with the view to reduce states expenditure and to shift the burden cost to the private sector. As a result 7.2 present of the public owned enterprise reduced to 2 present (Cook 2005). Despite the size of the program some of the government organizations remain within the domain of public sector. During the 1980s under the Labour Government this process reversed and as a result most of the industries became nationalized including the steel, automotive, shipbuilding, aircraft and postal industries. Most of the policy makers favoured the public owned enterprise due to several reasons. Firstly, it accounted for a larger share of the national total output and employment share. Most of these organizations are large and required a large number of workers to support its infrastructure. Since the Labour Government favoured labour intensive organizations, through public ownership it ensured job security for the majority of the population (Cook 2005). Secondly public monopolies such as the mail, airline or the steel industry have been essential services for the country that only the government can subsidize and finance. The massive infrastructure required for their operations made them unattractive to investors. For example the education system, legal framework as well as defence system. These were essential to the public but no single investor would be interested in investing huge funds with bleak future of running at aloes. Only the government with its access to huge funding was willing to invest in such public enterprises. Thirdly, organizations belonging to the public sector may enjoy the monopolist status yet not become regulated due to the government’s backing. As a result the resources allocated for its operations secured public welfare. Fourthly, public sector organizations worked in the interests of the consumer regardless of its inefficient status or costly structure. They were accountable to the electorate and not to a group of shareholders alone making them exclusive for a large group of consumers (Cook 2005).As a result of the deregulation, the UK government had been able to secure quite a few public monopolies. It has been observed that most public monopolies are redundant and donor serve the purpose of the consumer as efficiently as the government perceive. Compared with the benefits they provide to the consumers, public monopolies are not as efficient in delivering what they promise to the consumers. Due to the slow innovation and dynamic nature of these enterprises, the result is that they do not change with the consumer need. Poor quality is inherent in the kind of service they provide due to mismanagement and lack of training in the organizations. Other factors that lead to poor quality include incompetence, irresponsibility and the lack of accountability to specific authority (Saves 2000). Since there is no competition in the industry to give public monopolies wake up call and motivating them to innovate to serve the consumer welfare the public enterprises continue to provide services that may not serve the welfare of the consumer fully. For example the need for postal service in this day and age of technological development has decreased significantly (even though parcel services are still required). Public sector enterprises tend to lead to inefficiency due to the vast management and personnel structure. According to E. S. Saves (2000)government performance are reflected in these public enterprises in terms of inefficiency, overstaffing and low productivity. These organizations tend to employ twice as many employees per customer so that the resources become a waste which could easily be allocated to another entity where they are required. Although the government regularly inject investments for appropriating incentives through pay and rewards yet the distributed amount is so less to the individual worker that they remain unsatisfied working at the public organization leading to low productivity and inefficiency. Secondly, one of the biggest complains is that the publicly owned organizations do not have a choice in the products and services they get due to the lack of variety and choice. Due to the monopolistic behaviour, public enterprises tend to lack innovation to diversify resources or products to attract the consumers. As a result the consumers are forced to purchase products that they may not prefer, thereby stifling consumer preference. Thirdly, it has been observed that most public monopolies require huge investment funds at the cost of the taxpayers and the government. Indirectly, the consumer is forced to pay a price for services or products that they may or may not want to utilize. Fourthly, the public monopolists are not accountable to any one in particular but to a body of electorate that may be influenced by political entities. Hence, if there is a Labour government then the public enterprise would get more subsidies to increase its performance and thereby serve the public welfare more. However, on the other hand if there is a Conservative government then the enterprises would get fewer subsidies, decreasing its resources and efficiency. As a result there are fewer benefits to the public despite the high price they pay through taxation and allocated cost. Public policy in the past has been concentrating on the privatization of enterprise due to several reasons. Saves (2000) notes Some state enterprises are not expected to break even or make money, but many are. Nevertheless, loss-making and debt-ridden government enterprises tend to be the rule rather than the exception even among the for-profit group, and this is the principal impetus behind the worldwide movement to privatize such entities. The underlying reason for this state of affairs is the lack of true financial accountability. That is, government agencies and GOEs are rarely subject to binding budget constraints; they can usually muster enough political pressure to extract more subsidies. Furthermore, public enterprises have less inclination towards improvements despite the high level of investments. According to Akira Nishimori and Hikaru Ogawa (2002) First, suppression of the monopoly rents and improvements in allocate efficiency: admitting private firms into a market brings about increased output and lower prices. Second, a higher level of productive efficiency in the public sector; cost reducing incentives will emerge in the public sectors service production when it faces private competitors. They describe the public monopoly situation as follows. A two-stage optimization situation for a public firm is taken as an example. The cost reduction choice of investment is the first stage and the quantity supplied to the consumer is the second stage. When the monopoly equilibrium is achieved, maximization diminishes with the increase in investment in the short term. In the long run therefore the public welfare is decreased as the price continues to increase yet welfare maximization is decreased with high costs. (Nishimori and Ogawa 2002). Not only this but the authors also are of the opinion that in a public monopoly private firms that attempt to enter the industry would remain unsuccessful because public firms undertake cost reduction investment in the face of emerging private competition. When a private firm enters the market, there is a decrease in the consumer welfare. For this reason they propose that in order to prevent decrease in the cost reducing incentive of public firm, subsidization policies such arid subsidies may be effective. (Nishimori and Ogawa 2002). Neoclassical economists are of the view that efficiency is inherent in competitive environment. Unlike public monopolies which do not breed competition, privatization thrives in competitive markets as it attracts more investments. Nigel M. Healey (1993) writes The allocate and X-efficiency gains from increasing competition are illustrated by a movement from north to south; that is, from monopoly towards more competitive markets. By combining the capital market and competition arguments, and accepting the notion that private capital markets are beneficial for economic performance, it appears that the largest efficiency gains can be expected where there is an ownership change which leads to both more competition and more reliance on private capital markets. Public monopolies therefore are not open to competition which is the reason why they tend to decrease inefficiency as competition rises. In the UK firms like National Freight Corporation, British Telecom and Royal Mail all tend to have decreasing market share when they are faced with private competition. Royal Mail is the classic case of monopoly which has been dominating the postal industry in the UK for decades. According to a market report by Postcomm (2003) the postal industry is dominated by business mail. Twenty eight present of Royal Mails financial income is derived from its top 50 customers while 59 present of its mail volume comprise of commercial mail including utility bills, financial statements, invoices and government mail. The rest 29 present is made up of marketing material. On the other hand private postal services comprise of only 11percent of the market. With 15 years licence Royal Mail has been the dominant postal service provider within the UK for all types of postage and parcel services. The Postal Services 2000 however revised this public monopoly and introduced competition in the market by allowing other companies to compete with Royal Mail. Despite this fact Royal Mail still remains the undisputed king in the postal industry creating barriers to competition. It has an advantage over its competitors because of its universal access to geographical location as well as collects and delivers mail on each working day (Postcomm Report 2003). But more importantly Royal Mail has exemption from VAT, customs privileges and parking and traffic privileges which delineate it from competitors. The company serves in uneconomic and diverse areas which tend to increase its preference among consumers. Though this cost the government but nevertheless it has set a pattern and process of delivery to diversified destination which increases its competitive edge over other potential mail companies (Postcomm Report 2003). As studied theoretically above, Royal Mail proves to be financially inefficient due to its failure to meet financial target. Despite its increase in revenue due to increase in volume sales and price Royal Mail nevertheless does not earn as much as it is required to reach equilibrium. Instead it concentrates on making profits on business accounts; prepared items etc. and lose out on stamped items. As a result the Postcomm authority has increased restrictions on Royal Mail(Postcomm Report 2003). In such a case of public monopoly, one observes that Royal Mail would continue to incur costs of investments and injections for the upkeep of the enterprise. The organization despite restrictions and strict policies has not been able to meet its performance target. But more importantly Royal Mail behaves in the same manner as in the cost dissemination model that the researcher discussed earlier. Despite high prices Royal Mail is operating at a loss due to a variety of reasons including inefficiency, lack of innovation, loss and compromising consumer welfare with its limited services. Private monopolies As opposed to public there are private monopolies which are adopted by private enterprises. Private monopolies deal with the supply side of economics. According to Charles Geist (2000) private monopolies tend to dominate the market as effectively as public monopolies due to the incentives in the form of tax cuts, economic stimulation and increase in the demand of goods and services. As a result, a private monopolist raises the prices of goods and services higher than the market price with the intention to earn higher profits. In the following illustration of private monopoly there is only one producer who influences the price. The producer sets MC=AC and setting the production low where MR=MC. This way there is low level of production which in turn creates high demand. The price set would that that the market will bear and hence the consumer becomes the price taker. In the following figure one see that low output at O would enable the producer to increase the price of the goods to meet the demand B. Since MC is below MR the producer enjoys a high level of profit with low level of output. If he increases his output to O then he/she would lose out on the price set by the market mechanisms supply-demand. As a result the monopolist profits ABDE despite the high demand ABCE. The area BCD is the dead-weight loss which the market will bear as a result of the monopoly (Coopers and Lybrand 1996). Thus, in private monopolies do not actually serve the purpose of satisfying the consumer welfare because it involves: - a lower level of output (O compared with O1); A higher price (P compared with P1); Profits in excess of those required to earn a reasonable return (ABDE is monopoly profit or producer surplus); and a reduction in economic welfare; the loss of consumer surplus -resulting from higher prices is ABCE, which is more than the benefit tithe producers in terms of higher profits (ABDE); this net loss, represented by the triangle BCD, is called dead-weight loss.(Coopers and Lybrand 1996) Sometimes the government such as those under the Reagan’s administration induce private monopolies through privatization policies to get the country out of economic recession. However, according to Bauer et al (1995) The impact of a regulatory system depends upon its influence on managerial behaviour. In the United States, where private monopoly suppliers of electricity, gas and water have existed for many years, the regulatory system has led to confusion, litigation and commercial disaster. The regulations control, inter alia, the level of service, environmental considerations, and pricing, much as in Britain. â€Å"As a result private monopolies tend to affect the consumers and do not really satisfy their needs. Not only has this but it been observed that private monopolies run on the basis of rate of returns on private capital. According to Healey(1993) where a ceiling on the rate of return on capital exists, the incentive for management to control costs is reduced, and an incentive exists to extend the capital base through more investment—the so-called Avert-Johnson effect. This effect compromises the consumer welfare and undermines the enterprise objectives of serving the public. Privatization and the promotion of private monopolies therefore are costly as they need regulatory bodies to monitor them. Yet despite this fact policy makers are of the opinion that to increase firms ‘efficiency, privatization is the most feasible process. As a result private monopoly develops. Horton and Ridge (1972) writes about private monopoly as follows: Private monopoly is also more subject to erosion than governmental monopoly. Competition will make itself felt in one way or another whenever the monopoly price is far above the competitive price. There cent stock-market hearings offer a dramatic example. The commission charged on large purchases and sales is clearly exorbitant. As a result, firms executing such orders have been able to get the business only by agreeing to give up part, often a large part, of their commissions to other firms designated by the customers clearly an indirect form of price-cutting. In addition, a third market has developed in which large traders deal directly, bypassing the organized exchanges. A less dramatic but more pervasive example is competition among firms to provide free services to customers in the form of investment information and advice, attractive lounges with tickers, and so on. Erosion of this sort tends to undermine the management of private organizations and eventually lead to inefficiency which has been the objective of the government for inducing it in the first place. According to Hay and Morris (1991) whenever business activities are monopolistic in nature it involves engineering factors. Engineering here refers to the engineering of management processes and operation of social and economic factors within the enterprise. When the monopolist serve the market at a lower unit cost than other competing firms are unable to match the price or the resources upon which the monopolist is operating. As a result the monopolist creates barriers to entries and drive out competition in the industry. Incentives to efficiency under monopoly prove to be weak as it is cheaper for the market to have two suppliers who are also competitors rather than a single producer. Button the other hand for a monopolist, instead of increasing goods quantity and decrease the price, it would be more profitable to use the same resources to produce related products. One example is the case of Microsoft which has used its technology base to create products that are interconnected and at a high price. As a result the consumer is forced to purchase these products because it is convenient for them to use Microsoft products without having technology clashes (Hay and Morris 1991). Not only this but private monopolies largely lie within the domain of the private sector in which the authority and the accountability lies with the shareholders they serve. The government and policy makers only have authority to the extent of governing it through regulations. The monopolists tend to exist for their own profitability and efficiency as long as its resources are allocated for maximization. Ultimately, it is the market and the consumer which is affected. Private monopolies for example tend to drive competition out of the market due to large consumer ba

Conquering My Fear of Writing Essay -- Literacy Narrative Essays Paper

Conquering My Fear of Writing Lacking experience in writing and reading, English is my most feared subject. It is the one and only vulnerable spot in my otherwise invincible academic armor. I hate writing and I despise reading. Other than magazines, I cannot recall reading anything since "The Crucible" which was a teacher assigned book in my sophomore high school English class. Not that I read a lot before that, I don't remember reading any books in my middle school years neither. Now, with this writing assignment since a long time, my brain feels like an old rusty engine of an 81 Porsche cranking up for the first time in years, readying to compete in the heat. My parents and my favorite math teacher always told me that I'm a very bright individual and my accomplishments in other subjects prove that. I approached and conquered the subjects of math, science, and history like a paladin in gold, yet faced with writing, I would coward in fear. To me, writing equals to nothing more than stress and frustration. A useless hassle and senseless boredom which I thought was too stupid to waste effort on. Therefore I have shied away from this department for as long as I can remember and focused all my energy toward the areas I have strength and faith in. The writing compartment in my brain is very restricted. I lack flexibility in the use of words and phrases. A typical sentence of mine, starts with "I", "It", "Because", "The", "But", "Therefore". It is extremely difficult for...

Foundation Degree Paramedic Science Essay

Assignment – Critique of research article, â€Å"life after cancer; Living with the risk† Word count 2500 (excluding refs) Submission date – 6th July 2012 The purpose of this essay aims to provide a critical evaluation of a research article titled life after cancer; living with risk (Wilkins and Woodgate, Cancer Nursing 2011 vol 34, no 6, P487-494) it will be structured according to the recommendations of the critique guidelines of Parahoo, 1988. Parahoo states that the title should not be long and complicated and should reflect as much as possible what the research is about (Parahoo and Reid 1988, P69). The title in this case meets this criteria, it is concise but clear and suggestive of the content and context. It does not presume to validate or invalidate the research; again this is a recommendation of Parahoo 1988. The title is 2 parts, Life after cancer; this could be interpreted as life of a carer or relative after a cancer patient has died or indeed life for a cancer patient after successful treatment. The second part of the title (living with risk) goes someway to qualify the first and elicit that the subject matter discusses living with risk after cancer treatment. It does not however explain in the title what â€Å"the risk† refers to. This perceived risk could be research into a possibility that cancer survivors take more risks in everyday life than non-cancer survivors as they have faced their the harsh reality of their own morbidity and overcome this. It is not until reading the full text that it becomes apparent that the risk refers to the risk of being diagnosed with a secondary form of cancer. The researchers of the study have a strong affiliation to the field and both possess recognised formal qualifications, unusually both in the fields of nursing and medicine making both very credible. No conflicts have been disclosed again adding credibility to the study and findings as unbiased. The abstract of the does provide an overview of the intentions of the study, the sample used, an overview of the results, conclusions and the implications for practice. The abstract lists key area’s under the bullet points of, â€Å"background, objective, method, results and conclusions.† Making the study easy to follow and read in a logical and accepted format. The abstract is suitably brief but enticing with a word count of 225 words, this word count is an average size for an abstract but goes slightly over the 150-200 words recommended the book entitled, â€Å"the art of abstracting†, (Cremmins, Edward, The Art of Abstracting 2nd Edition, Info Resources Press, April 1996) The objective attempts to explain the rationale for the study and is neatly and subsinctly summarised in one sentence. The method of the study is of an interprative, qualitative nature examining in some depth the feelings perceptions and views of cancer survivors though a descriptive approach using face to face semi structured interviews. The interviews took place in the subjects own homes, this would suggest that the subject was comfortable and at ease leading to an open, frank and honest interview providing valuable and unbiased data. An interview guide was used during the interview to assist participants to articulate their thoughts; the study does not go into any further detail to clarify what was contained within the interview guide and how this may affect any results obtained from questions throughout the interview process. The results data was analysed by the constant comparative method of data analysis. This method of data analysis lends itself to complex and sensitive situations allowing the researcher to gain the trust of the subjects. (Method of Qualitative Analysis, Barney G. Glaser, Social Problems, Vol.12, No. 4, 1965, pp. 436-445) The conclusion summarises the key findings and recommendations contained within the study and is to the point leading onto the implications for practise which are summarised in context with the study. There is an acknowledgement within the implications that the findings are a foundation which is subjective that further research would be beneficial to build on findings of the subject with the objective of improving detection, treatment and views on secondary cancer. The literature review discusses numerous previous studies on the subject matter and references 11 others containing both qualitative and quantitative research giving a broad background into the study. The vast majority of previous studies appear to be of a quantitative nature which adds validity to the alternative qualitative approach chosen for this study. All of this indicates that the authors have researched the topic and acknowledge previous work contributed by other researchers in the study area. This strongly suggests a high awareness of the topic and gives due credit to other researchers, it is mentioned in the data collection methods section of the study that the literature review influenced the interview guide developed to assist with data collection which further acknowledges previous research. It does not appear within the context of the study that the literature review has bias or undue influence on the findings but rather to support their validity as the method of the st udy and findings of this study are presented from a different perspective. However to maintain a balanced perspective we should consider the reasons that to date only one previous study has been a qualitative study with almost 10 times that amount of previous quantitative studies in the area, the rationale for this is approach is discussed and addressed with good effect in the last paragraph of the literature review. An argument for using qualitative a method for this study is that quantitative studies can be criticised for attempting to reduce a highly complex situation into a simple cause and effect paradox. Therefore the rationale for using qualitative methods does seem highly relevant and would support the data collection method chosen and the survey design. As interviewing allows the researcher to gain unique insight into other perspectives about the phenomenon being researched (Glesne and Peskin 1992) the argument put across is a rather compelling one to support further research using the method chosen to give a balanced view with evidence from both q ualitative and quantitative data research rather than from just one perspective. The hypnosis attempts to establish the perceived risks of a secondary diagnosis of cancer following successful treatment and attempts to obtain the views of the participants in relation to screening for the well-established increased medical risk, the hypothesis sets out to demonstrate that views are conflicting and wide ranging; throughout the text this hypothesis becomes well established. The overall approach of the study as previously discussed was an interpretive, descriptive qualitative design although the purpose states that this is part of a larger mixed method study aimed at establishing themes and patterns through the views and opinions of participants that had been specifically selected for inclusion due to their previous diagnosis, treatment and subsequent survival of various forms of cancer. The sample group was a relatively small number using only 22 participants (16 women and 6 men, it could be argued that this was a female dominated sample group that may have implications on the results) however using the qualitative format the sample group was of an acceptable size, the focus of the qualitative data is on the quality of the data collected as each participant is a source of a large volume of data. (Boswell and Cannon, Introduction to nursing research, qualitative research meathods, chapter 8, page 196.) The sample group was specifically selected to fit the inclusion criteria (Cancer survivors who were 5 or more years out from the initial cancer diagnosis, at least 19 years old at the time of the interview, resident to the area of the interviews and could speak and understand English) The nature of the selection and inclusion was purposive in nature, this is perfectly acceptable as the objective is to explore and describe the phenomena and not generalise the findings as qualitative research by its nature is not specifically designed to be representative of the general population. (Holloway and Wheeler, 2010, p 138) The research method chosen was specifically designed to be an emic perspective to describe the thoughts and feelings of post cancer patients, this method is ideal to understand and describe complex and sensitive information. Purposive sampling has been used as the participants have all been selected due to specific criteria. The primary goal in purposive sampling is not to generate a sample that is representative but rather one that is selected to represent certain subject characteristics that are relevant to the investigation. (Stommel and Wills, Clinical research, concepts and principles for advanced practice nurses, p302-303) A clear description of the sampling rationale and recruitment process is evident, (Bluff 1997). To maximise variation participants were selected that had differing ages at the time of the initial diagnosis and different types of cancer. This demonstrates an excellent cross section of variables to maximise results. Participants were recruited exclusively from a central cancer registry and hospital based database, the study goes on to state that this register is â€Å"largely untapped† meaning that the participants would not have preconceived ideas or previous experience of prior studies of this kind. Non eligible potential participants were excluded from the study prior to recruitment to ensure validity of the study. The age range was 19 – 87 years, however with the upper age range it could be concluded that the perceived risk of secondary cancer and subsequent screening views may vary vastly from younger participants due to the age difference. Fifteen of the participants were employed (full or part time) and the remaining participants were either retired or disabled, it could be argued that unemployed and disadvantaged people were not represented in the sample group who may have had differing views from the sample group interviewed. This assumption could also be continued that as all participants were white, ethnic groups were under represented and again may have differing views due to racial, cultural or social backgrounds. An argument that only white participents were deliberately selected for the study is a moot point as cancer is not a racially or culturally specific disease as perhaps a study into something like sickle cell crisis would be. The age range was wide and the average age is listed as 40 years old at the time of diagnosis however we know that some participants were far from the average age at the time of diagnosis but this maximises variation in the study. The data was collection method for the study was done using a semi structured interview technique; the same researcher (Krista Wilkins, PhD, RN) completed all of the 23 face to face interviews. By using the same researcher we can assume continuity of the interview with the same structure being followed throughout. It is noted that 1 participant was interviewed twice because the first interview had ended early, the study does not elaborate as the reasons why the first interview ended early. By being interviewed twice an argument could be put that the data collected should not be included as the participant may have had time to think about, discuss and research the upcoming questions in the repeat interview which could potentially affect the validity of the findings, this presumably was not considered to be an issue as the participant and data were not excluded from the study or conclusions drawn. As mentioned previously in the literature review key themes that had been discovered in the literature review were included to develop an interview guide. This suggests that all of the interviews were conducted not only by the same researcher but also following the same structure (or semi structure) with the interview guide being used as an â€Å"aide memoir† to keep the interviews on track and relevant. A person centred open ended approach was used as research shows that people respond well to this type of questioning ensuring that the information elicited was detailed, personal and rich in information.(Geer JG, Public opinion quarterly, volume 52, issue 3, p356-357) The interviews took place in the participants own homes which would establish both comfort and confidence in a familiar and â€Å"safe† environment encouraging an open, honest and useful interview and eliminating the desire for social acquiescence however we must remind mindful of participant reactivity to the researcher in this technique. The interviews lasted generally no longer than an hour, the timeframe given is credible and suggestive that the participant was allowed sufficient time to relax and â€Å"open up† within the interview ensuring rich data collection but without the effect of feeling rushed or exhausted discussing a potentially stressful, personal and emotive topic. However no upper or lower time limit was set so that if the data being collected at the point of an hour was valuable the participant was not cut short and valuable data excluded. Field notes were taken immediately after the interviews and included observations about the setting and impressions including non-verbal communications. This could be criticised as being a subjective observation and no reference is made to indicate the qualifications of the interviewer to make meaningful conclusion from observations of this type. All interviews were digitally recorded (with the participants consent) the recordings and field notes were later transcribed verbatim which supports the validity and credibility of the study immensely. There was no evidence of a pilot study to add further validity to this study. In this study all proper ethical principles have been adhered to, ethical permission was granted by gaining informed consent from all participants and from local university and hospital ethical review committees. The process lead to a delay between the study being carried out and publication with the study taking place between July 2008 and July 2009 and publication in issue 34 of the publication, Cancer nursing in Nov – Dec 2011. (Wilkins and Woodgate, Life after cancer – living with the risk, Cancer nursing, issue 34, p487 – 494, Dec 2011) but this length of time is not uncommon. The importance of gaining ethical approval is so that no harm comes to participants and the research community as a whole is not affected by the negatives of publicity which bring the research community into disrepute and go against the very objective of research to improve evidence based practice (Blaber, A. 2008, Foundations for Paramedic Practice, a Theoretical Perspective). The data analysis in this case forms the main body of the study and gives numerous personal experiences and thoughts to form the findings, all quotes have been annomalised to maintain the dignity and privacy of the participants. The data is broken down in a logical format helping the reader to understand the conclusions reached by the researchers and go a long way to help understand how the findings were reached. The limitations of the study are readily acknowledged and openly state that the findings are not generalised to all cancer survivors, it goes on to state that the data was only collected at one time point, this could be addressed by further studies and perhaps a longitudinal study would be beneficial to broaden the picture. The study failed to reveal any risk perceptions due to different variables for example age, type of cancer etc. To its credit the limitations does acknowledge that ethnic variability may have revealed additional information. The discussion is an in depth appraisal of the study as a whole including the findings, the conclusion is brief and does not introduce any new information, rather it summarises the previous sections of the study and draws the reader to an informed conclusion. Reference List Blaber, A. (2008) Foundations for Paramedic Practice, a Theoretical Perspective. Open University Press, pg 49. Boswell, C and Cannon, S. (2011) Introduction to nursing research, qualitative research methods, Jones and Bartlett publishers, chapter 8, pg 196. Cremmins, E. (1996) The Art of Abstracting 2nd Edition, Info Resources Press, pg. 46 Geer JG, (2005) Public opinion quarterly, volume 52, issue 3, Lawrence Erlbaum associates publishers, p356-357 Glaser, B. (1965) Method of Qualitative Analysis, Social Problems, Vol.12, No. 4, pp. 436-445 Holloway, I. and Wheeler, S. (2010) Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare. 3rd ed. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, pg. 6, pg.138. Parahoo, K. (1988) Research Skills, Number 5. Critical Reading of Research. Nursing Times, 84 (43),pg 69-72 Stommel, M and Wills, C. (2004) Clinical research, concepts and principles for advanced practice nurses, Lippincott Williams and Williams, p302-303 Wilkins, K and Woodgate, R. (Dec 2011) Cancer nursing, Life after cancer – living with the risk, Lippincott Williams and Williams, issue 34, p487 – 494.