Comm 287 Study Guide

COMM 287 ADVERTSING AS SOCIAL COMMUNICATION STUDY GUIDE 1 Questions for â€Å"New Branded World† by Naomi Klein â€Å"On Advertising: Sut Jhally vs. James Twitchell† â€Å"Advertising as Religion† by Sut Jhally Film: No Logo Film: The Diamond Empire Naomi Klein: New Branded World 1. What idea was the gospel of the machine age? Bolstering ones brand name was important 2. What consensus emerged about corporations in the 1980’s? Corporations were bloated, oversized, owned too much, employed too many people, and were weighed down with too many things 3. What race were new companies such as Nike and Microsoft competing in?A race to own the least and employ the fewest people rivaling the traditional all American manufacturers’ for market share. hey claimed that producing goods was only part of their operations 4. What tools and materials are needed for creating a brand? brand extensions, continuously renewed imagery for marketing and, most of all, fresh n ew spaces to disseminate the brand's idea of itself 5. What is the difference between the brand and the advertisement? Advertising any given product is only one part of branding's grand plan, as are sponsorship and logo licensing.Think of the brand as the core meaning of the modem corporation, and of the advertisement as one vehicle used to convey that meaning to the world. 6. What was the first function of branding? The first task of branding was to bestow proper names on generic goods such as sugar, flour, soap and cereal 7. According to adman Bruce Barton what was the role of advertising? In 1923 Barton said that the role of advertising was to help corporations find their soul. The son of a preacher, he drew on his religious upbringing for plifting messages: â€Å"I like to think of advertising as something big, something splendid, something which goes deep down into an institution and gets hold of the soul of it. †¦ Institutions have souls, just as men and nations have sou ls† 8. Where did the search for the true meaning of the brand take the agencies? The search for the true meaning of brands – or the â€Å"brand essence,† as it is often called – gradually took the agencies away from individual products and their attributes and toward a psychological/anthropological examination of what brands mean to the culture and to people's lives. 9.Why was the purchase of Kraft by Phillip Morris spectacular news for the ad world? This was spectacular news for the ad world, which was now able to make the claim that advertising spending was more than just a sales strategy: it was an investment in cold hard equity. The more you spend, the more your company is worth. 10. What did the radical shift in corporate philosophy towards the value of branding send manufactures to engage in? Increased advertising 11. What does David Lubars call consumers? David Lubars, a senior ad executive in the Omnicom Group, explains the industry's guiding princ iple with more candor than most.Consumers, he says, â€Å"are like roaches – you spray them and spray them and they get immune after a while. † 12. What is the â€Å"experiential communication† industry? A $30 billion bill industry. It is the staging of such branded pieces of corporate performance art and more. (ads on park benches, sidewalks, phone calls) 13. What happened on â€Å"Marlboro Friday†? it refers to a sudden announcement from Philip Morris that it would slash the price of Marlboro cigarettes by 20 percent in an attempt to compete with bargain brands that were eating into its market. 14.What was â€Å"Marlboro Friday† a culmination of? it was the culmination of years of escalating anxiety in the face of some rather dramatic shifts in consumer habits that were seen to be eroding the market share of household-name brands, from Tide to Kraft. 15. What happened to corporate strategy as a result of the bargain craze of the early nineties? A dvertising spending went down. Many decided to put their money into promotions such as giveaways, contests, in-store displays and (like Marlboro) price reductions The bargain craze of the early nineties shook the name brands to their core.Suddenly it seemed smarter to put resources into price reductions and other incentives than into fabulously expensive ad campaigns. 16. According to the agencies what would competing on the basis of real value lead to? Stooping to compete on the basis of real value, the agencies ominously warned, would spell not just the death of the brand, but corporate death as well. 17. How did companies such as Coke, Pepsi, McDonald’s, Burger King and Disney respond to the brand crisis? And when the brands crashed, these companies didn't even notice – they were branded to the bone. They always understood that they were selling brands before product.They had their eyes fixed on global expansion. 18. How did The Body Shop and Starbucks foster powerf ul brand identities? What the success of both the Body Shop and Starbucks showed was how far the branding project had come in moving beyond splashing one's logo on a billboard. Here were two companies that had fostered powerful identities by making their brand concept into a virus and sending it out into the culture via a variety of channels: cultural sponsorship, political controversy, the consumer experience and brand extensions. 19. According to Scott Bedbury what must brands establish?Emotional ties because there’s no difference between products 20. What is the difference between advertising and branding? Advertising is about hawking product. Branding, in its truest and most advanced incarnations, is about corporate transcendence. 21. What was the new consensus that developed as a result of the success of the brand builders? The brand builders conquered and a new consensus was born: the products that will flourish in the future will be the ones presented not as â€Å"com modities† but as concepts: the brand as experience, as lifestyle. 22. How do brands present themselves on-line?It is on-line that the purest brands are being built: liberated from the realworld burdens of stores and product manufacturing, these brands are free to soar, less as the disseminators of goods or services than as collective hallucinations. . 23. How does Tom Peters separate types of companies? The top half – Coca-Cola, Microsoft, Disney, and so on – are pure ‘players' in brainware. The bottom half [Ford and GM] are still lumpy-object purveyors, though automobiles are much ‘smarter' than they used to be,† Peters writes in The Circle of Innovation (1997), an ode to the power of marketing over production. 24.In the new context how did ad agencies present themselves to their clients? 25. What does Phil Knight think Nike’s mission is? its mission is not to sell shoes but to â€Å"enhance people's lives through sports and fitnessâ₠¬  and to keep â€Å"the magic of sports alive. † 26. According to John Hegarty, what is Polaroid? â€Å"Polaroid's problem,† diagnosed the chairman of its advertising agency, John Hegarty, â€Å"was that they kept thinking of themselves as a camera. But the ‘[brand] vision' process taught us something: Polaroid is not a camera – it's a social lubricant. † 27. How does Tibor Kalman sum up the shifting role of the brand? The original notion of the brand was quality, but now brand is a stylistic badge of courage. † 28. According to Richard Branson, what do you build brands around? The idea, he explains, is to â€Å"build brands not around products but around reputation. 29. What is Tommy Hilfiger in the business of? Tommy Hilfiger, meanwhile, is less in the business of manufacturing clothes than he is in the business of signing his name. The entire company is run through licensing agreements. 30. According to Paul Otellini, how is Intel like C oke? Paul S. Otellini, replied that lntel is â€Å"like Coke.One brand, many different products. † 31. According to Sam Hill, Jack McGrath and Sandeep Dayal what can also be branded? â€Å"Based on extensive research, we would argue that you can indeed brand not only sand, but also wheat, beef, brick, metals, concrete, chemicals, corn grits and an endless variety of commodities traditionally considered immune to the process. † â€Å"On Advertising† Sut Jhally vs James Twirchell 1. As a social scientist, what question is Jhally interested in? As a social scientist, I am interested in the question of determination– what structures the world and how we live in it. . What is Marx’s aphorism that Jhally works with? I work with Marx's aphorism: philosophers help us understand the world, but the point is to change it. 3. What was Twitchell amazed by in terms of what his students knew? I was amazed by how little my students knew about literature compared t o advertising. 4. What about the material world interests Twitchell? I'm interested in why the material world has been so overlooked. Why has it been so denigrated? Why are we convinced that happiness can't come from it? 5. Why is Jhally interested in advertising, coming out of the Marxist tradition?The reason I am interested in advertising, coming out of that tradition, is that advertising links those two things together. It allows us to speak about both the material world and the world of symbolism and culture. 6. What is Jhally’s view driven by? Political factors not moral ones 7. What according to Jhally, have advertisers realized since the 1920s? They've realized since the 1920s that things don't make people happy, that what drives people is a social life. 8. Why doesn’t Jhally agree with Twitchell, when he (Twitchell) says that advertisers are delivering to people what they want?Advertisers are delivering images of what people say they want connected to the thing s advertisers sell. 9. What vision does Jhally see in advertising? A vision of socialism 10. Why does Twitchell think advertising excludes communal desires? because they are not as high on most people's agendas as they are for those of us in our fifties. Maybe most people are not as interested in the things we say we are interested in such as family and community. Maybe they are more interested in individual happiness. 11. Why doesn’t Jhally think that we can accept that advertisers reflect people’s real needs and desires?Advertising dominates so much that it leaves little room for alternate vision 12. According to Jhally, where is the only place in the culture where there is still independent thinking going on? The academy (universities) 13. Why does Jhally think that students do not follow through on the politics they really believe in once they leave higher education? When they leave school, they have a lot of debt that they have to do whatever they can to make mone y. 14. Why does Jhally disagree with Twitchell’s claim that the media system reflects most people’s ideas and desires? It has to do with access, not ideas.Everything is dependent on ad revenues, rather than public service. 15. How do Jhally and Twitchell disagree when it comes to the question of power? Jhally: Power is coming from the outside in. As if these corporate interests are over there doing things to us. Twitchell: ads are the articulated will of consumers rather than the air pumped out by commercial interests. 16. Why does Twitchell think people buy diamonds when they know them to be worthless? The need to make ceremony, to fetishize moments of great anxiety 17. According to Jhally, what does the diamond example point to?It points to how ads work (by reaching to human needs) capitalism works because it talks about real needs that drive people. 18. According to Jhally what is real and false about advertising? Real: its appeals False: the answers it provides to those appeals 19. According to Jhally, why is happiness a zero-sum game? Because although things are connected to happiness, it is always in a relative state ( in terms of what other people also have at that time. 20. What does Marx say about people making history â€Å"people make their own history/meaning, but not in conditions of their own choosing† 1. According to Jhally, what happens when you look at only one side of Marx’s aphorism on making history? You get a distorted view 22. According to Jhally, why did the Soviet Union fall apart? No one believed in it. They could see images of an alternative coming out of the west. 23. Why does Twitchell think advertising is not a trick? Because he sees trickery not as them pulling a trick on us but us actively collaborating in the process 24. What is Twitchell’s view of morality in advertising? It doesn’t figure into it. Ad has 1 moral value: Buy Stuff.Billboards ( immoral. The application of moral concerns t o ads is feckless. 25. According to Jhally, what is the last way you should evaluate advertising? Whether advertising is telling the truth or not. There is nothing to evaluate in ads. 26. What does Twitchell think people are after in advertising? These patterns that have to so with belonging, with ordering, with making sense 27. How does Twitchell answer the question of whether advertising is art? Art is whatever he says it is. Art= what people who teach literature, art, run galleries, edit magazines say it is. 28.Where does Twitchell see power emanating from in religion? The congregation behind the pulpit (supermarket arises) Sut Jhally â€Å"Advertising as Religion: The Dialectic of Technology and Magic† 1. What secret did capitalism discover that previous modes of production had not? (p. 218) capitalism discovered the â€Å"secret† of material production and proceeded to install it as its central and defining activity 2. In older non-market societies how could we ch aracterize people’s relationships with goods? (p. 219) A much more direct connection between the 2. people produced the goods the consumed for the most part. . What feature of goods did Marx recognize and install into his methodological framework? (p. 219) Goods are communicators of social relations 4. Why did Marx start his analysis with the Commodity? (p. 219) Because if one could understand how the community was produced, exchanged and consumed, then one would have the basis of an understanding of the entire system of capitalist relations 5. What happens to the real meaning of goods in capitalist production and consumption? (p. 220) 6. What does T. Jackson Lears argue about the early years of the 20th century (p. 220) That â€Å"feeling† replaced information . What had happened to the quest for health by the 20th century (p. 220) It had become almost entirely a secular process -advertisers picked up on these exploited emotional needs 8. How does advertising resemble the therapeutic world? (p. 221) All overarching structures of meaning had collapsed 9. In the consumer society what takes over the functions of traditional culture? (p. 221) The market place and consumption 10. What is the function of advertising with regard to the relation between object and producer? (p. 221) To refill the emptied commodity with meaning –ads ( initial emptying out 11.In the stage of Idolatry how does the consumer society respond to the appearance of the â€Å"immense collection of commodities† (p. 222) Celebratory mode: celebrate the great productive capacities of industrial society as reflected in products 12. What are the early stages of national advertising characterized by? (p. 222) Products are dominant/transcendent/ awesome 13. What strategy did advertisers use to call forth a religious experience with objects? (p. 223) -visual cliches: vague forms of sacred symbolism -transformed products into a surrogate trigger 14. How does advertising deve lop in the stage of Iconology? (p. 23) -moves from the worship of commodities to their meaning within a social context. Products + People = embodiment of social values ( ads are meaning-bared 15. In the stage of Narcissism how is the power of the product predominantly manifested? (p. 223-4) Through the strategy of â€Å"Black Magic† people undergo physical transformations or the commodity can be used to entrance/enrapture other ppl. 16. In the stage of Totemism, what do goods take the place of? (p. 224) Natural species 17. In the contemporary marketplace how is the person-object relationship articulated? (p. 224) Psychologically, physically, socially 8. How does advertising reflect the world that Marx described as characteristic of capitalism? (p. 224) A place of magic and fetishism ( goods are autonomous, they are in relationships with each other and where they appear in â€Å"fantastic forms† (with humans) 19. What is the real function of advertising if not to give p eople information? (p. 225) To make people feel good 20. What is advertising a secular version of and why? (p. 225) God. They can â€Å"satisfy† us and â€Å"justify† our choices 21. What two gospels does John Kavanaugh identify? (p. 226) Commodity form Personal form 22.At what level does advertising as a religion operate? (p. 226) Mundane, everyday level 23. What kind of religion can advertising be compared to? (p. 227) 19th century west Africa tribes ( Fetishism 24. According to Raymond Williams, what choice does modern advertising obscure? (p. 228) The choice between man as consumer and man as user 25. In the world of advertising the spirits of what invade the commodity and supply its power? (p. 229) The spirits of technology Film: No Logo 1. What did the new political movement identified by Klein in the mid 1990s take issue with? The growing power of multinational corps . What fundamental shift in marketing thought is reflected by â€Å"lifestyle branding†? Management babble ( if companies wanted success, their true product was their idea, not products 3. What does this fundamental shift explain? New forms of marketing, assault on public sphere, less choice -hearing more about the quality of work 4. What was the function of the first brands? Comfort and personal relationships 5. What does Klein mean by â€Å"brand tribes† Sell lifestyles ( ex. â€Å"nike type of person† 6. What idea did Coke sell in the 60s? Peace and love, youth and lifestyle 7. What did Disney sell? The American Dream 8.What does Nike sell? The nature of sport, athletic ability of star athletes 9. How does the new marketing approach differ from the old one? NEW: goes out into the culture and actually sees where people are using products 10. What is distinctive about the town Celebration? Created by Disney ( reps the American Dream Worlds first branded town ( no brands there 11. How does the colonization of public space pose a fundamental threat to democ racy? No choice anymore ( ads are EVERYWHERE –lost the idea of the public 12. How are shopping malls a striking example of this danger? They are private but designed to mimic a town square 3. What is different about the contemporary power of corporations than previously? -corps are on private property ( no freedom of speech and expression – they decide what to put in their stores ( they decide who makes money 14. How does Walmart’s â€Å"family values† brand identity clash with free speech? Lyrics, pics on magazines, etc. ( don’t fit their image 15. What do companies now see as their primary role? Producing brands and image meaning (logos) 16. How does a Nike sneaker get produced and by whom? Broker in hong kong send them to factories and contractors to find the cheapest place 17.What is the â€Å"Nike paradigm†? Finding cheapest places for the production and paying low wages 18. How are wages kept low by companies? Tightly controlling a wor k force (no unions) 19. What are export processing zones? Industrial parks (produces goods for our exploits) 20. Why is the work force in free trade zones largely young and female? They come from provinces and women are easier to control 21. What contradicts the much heralded claim that globalization will lead to development in poor countries? Labor is cheaper out east and they pay very little 22. How is the Nike example a case study in worker abuse?Countries began competing to see who could abuse their workers more 23. When companies decide to build the brand, what is at the cost of? Company sells off factories 24. How are American and European workers casualties of globalization and the Nike paradigm? People who had steady jobs lost them 25. What are McJobs? People who sell products for mega jobs, not real ones 26. Who are the two biggest employers in the U. S. Wal-mart and man power 27. How can a shoe tell the story of globalization It was produces all over the world 28. What are brand-based investigative activities?Campaigns look behind the brand to see how products are produced 29. What have become the most visible targets of globalization? Brands produced globally (china, korea, etc) 30. What is the line of riot cops guarding a McDonalds or a Starbucks symbolic of? They’re guarding the â€Å"entry point to globalization† 31. How can you shop ethically in this context? Support businesses that are ethical, buy in bulk as a school m become apart of the global movement 32. If you keep following the logos, where do you end up? Doorstep of the institutions that are writing the rules of global trade 33.What is being articulated by the street protests outside the meetings of the global financial institutions ? Reclaiming the public ( â€Å"the world isn’t for sale† 34. What forms can anti-corporate activism take? Culture jamming, ad busting (climbing on a billboard) Questions on film: THE DIAMOND EMPIRE 1. What did Edward Epstein disc over is the real business of the diamond industry? RESTRICTING what people knew/got 2. Why can’t DeBeers operate legally in the United States? Because it is a monopoly 3. According to Thomas Helsby, what makes the diamond cartel different from other cartels?It is controlled by a single company (which is owned by Anglo-Americans which is owned by DeBeers) Interlocking ownership 4. What makes DeBeers monopoly of diamonds an astonishing feat? Supply of diamonds is plentiful and abundant 5. What threat did Ernest Oppenheimer make to become Chairman of DeBeers? He would flood the world market with diamonds 6. What did a DeBeers mining engineer warn of in 1930? The diamond monopoly is dependent on the fact that the general public believes diamonds are rare 7. What was the simplest answer to the potential threat posed by small diamond mines? To buy them out 8.How does Foudad Kamil describe the operation that he ran for DeBeers when investigating unlicensed diamond dealing and smuggl ing Terrorist groups, black market. Broke the law, beatings, punishments, kidnapped, took them as prisoners. Buying offices in jungles 9. The rise of what presented a new challenge to the diamond cartel? The rise of African Nationalism (1960) 10. What did DeBeers do when Mobutu Sese Seke emerged as the dictator of Zaire? Send in American businessman, Templesman. Attempt to mend relations with Mobutu regime. 11. What term is used to describe how the Mobutu regime operated in regard to atural resources such as diamonds? Cliptocracy ( organizing principle is one of theft 12. What did Debeers do to keep diamonds from Angola from flooding the market and depressing prices? Spent $1/2 billion†¦regulated diamond mining 13. According to Edward Epstein, what is DeBeers objective when mines are discovered in â€Å"inconvenient† places? Prevent mines from being developed that are outside their control and come up with ways to prevent these diamonds from reaching the market. 14. What is Ernest Oppenheimer alleged to have done in regards to the diamond mine in Murfreesboro in Arkansas?Illegally influenced the closing of the mine to keep diamonds off the market 15. What was DeBeers response when American strategists wanted industrial diamonds during the Second World War for the production of weapons? DeBeers hesitated ( they denied US free access to industrial diamonds 16. Who was DeBeers alleged to have supplied diamonds to during the Second World War? Hitler , Germany 17. What did an investigation by the Justice Department conclude about the DeBeers actions with regard to the industrial diamonds it did provide to the Unites States during the war? DeBeers overcharged US 18.What did DeBeers wartime advertising appeal to? American Patriotism ( Paid for mining which produces diamonds we need to win war 19. According to Edward Epstein, what was the major way that DeBeers wanted diamonds to be introduced when scenes were written into the movies? In a way that was con sidered favorable ( man had to surprise woman and present her with a diamond 20. What did the British royal family become in regards to DeBeers? Sales agents 21. What fear did the slogan â€Å"a diamond is forever† arise out of? Fear that sales would be cut if second hand jewelry was put out in the market 22.According to DeBeers message to its dealers, what is its goal? Convince consumer to buy diamonds for every romantic milestone (cultural imperative) 23. How did DeBeers respond to the discovery of diamond mines in Siberia? did business with Russians 24. What does Thomas Helsby think is amusing about the eternity ring? Filled with stones from Siberia 25. Who comprises a significant part of the Indian labor pool that cuts small diamonds? 750,000 cutters 100,000 children under 13 26. What have Indian diamonds made possible? Low price jewelry 27. How did DeBeers respond to the discovery of a diamond mine in Australia?Mobilized threatened to reduce prices 28. According to Walte r Adams, what does the Sherman Act say? As long as you have enough competitors and act independently public interest will be protected. 29. According to DeBeers executives, what is the easiest airport in the United States to use if you need to leave the country when a subpoena is issued? Chicago O’Hara’s Airport 30. According to Edward Russell what did his boss at GE tell him about competing with DeBeers in the gem market? We won’ t compete with DeBeers 31. What evidence does Edward Russell give for his belief that GE is involved in a cartel with DeBeers?After he was terminated, identical price increase was implemented 32. While Harry Oppenheimer has criticized the apartheid system in South Africa, why does Duncan Hines think he is not being genuine? He claims he opposes the apartheid system, but yet he makes money from it 33. How did DeBeers create a mining workforce from black people living on the land? Unskilled workers ( they forced them off the land by enfo rcing taxes the black people didn’t have cash so they had to work in mines to pay the taxes 34. What are working conditions like for the miners in South Africa? Long hours, not much to eat, harsh weather conditions 5. How did the revulsion of the world to the brutality of apartheid contribute to the growth of the Oppenheimers’ power within South Africa? Investors withdrew investments, international companies in South Africa got out of the country 36. What may be the cartel’s greatest accomplishment? Transformed the illusion that diamonds are valuable into a reality 37. Why is the diamond deception not a one-person play? Deceiver and deceived . The person who is deceived plays a part in the deception as well. It’s future rests in all of the people who believe its myths and carry on the value.

Frederick Douglass One Pager Essay

Life comes with many obstacles. Overcoming these barriers requires a set mind and perseverance. Slave-born abolitionist speaker Frederick Douglass, in his autobiography The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass depicts his life as a slave and his experiences to show to evil in slavery. His story explains how he changed and what he accomplished throughout his life. This slave narrative illustrates the young slave’s struggle to free himself from the mental and physical traumas tied with slavery. On the visual, the rock wall represents a difficult barrier (or many barriers) one must overcome to achieve greatness. Frederick Douglass went through the pains of being a slave to criticisms and harsh judgments to achieve what he saw morally right. The quote reads, â€Å"In coming to a fixed destination to run away, we did more than Patrick Henry, when he resolved upon liberty or death.† Douglass says this to show his comparison in the evils of slavery and death, and that sometimes he saw slavery as worse than death. He, nor could any slave, settle for death. They fought until the end for freedom and rights. Douglass educated himself to become one of the most intellectual and influential speakers for the American Anti-Slavery Society. While reading this narrative, I gained a deeper comprehension of the lives of slaves and the hardships they faced. It also made me realize that everyone starts at the bottom of the rock wall and that each person must climb it to prove his or her worth in the world. Whether one is born into a wealthy or poor family, he or she has to earn the respect they deserve.

Faculty Evaluation System

A proposed Faculty Performance Evaluation System for university of the Visayas-Dalaguete† Problem Statement The Faculty Performance Evaluation System will seek to answer what enhancement and design the school can adopt for a more effective and efficient automated System. Our project will provide the benefits and help the school to collect the feedback from the students and provide security and privacy respectively. Specifically, it endeavors to answer the following questions: 1 .Why is there a need to replace the manual system with an automated one? . What will be the benefits of having the automated faculty performance evaluation system In the university of the Visayas – Dalaguete? 3. How can automated faculty performance evaluation system help the school? 4. How can we provide security to our system? ED: What are the first steps that SIG schools and districts should take when re- thinking their teacher evaluation systems? CD: First, there needs to be an Intense dialogu e with faculty members about what constitutes good teaching.They need to develop a shared understanding of what is good practice. They can do a book study hat defines good teaching in a coherent way, what it looks like, and what counts as evidence of good teaching. I've worked on a framework for effective teaching. The big Idea that underlines this framework is that students learn from high levels of student intellectual engagement. There's a ton of research on that, but it's hard to do because In general, students aren't taught that way. The challenge Is to get people to understand how to engage students in learning.Second, there needs to be an effort to create a culture in the school around continued learning and professional inquiry. You're not done learning when you start teaching. Teaching is enormously complex work that people work to master over their entire careers. No one should act like it's easy because It's not. Then, teachers can move to on the ground work with students . They can analyze student work for levels of student engagement. If they have money to spend, they can get equipment to videotape themselves teaching to use for self- reflection. tx a powerful technology because teachers can watch their own lesson, observe other teachers, share their practice, and engage in dialogue. ED: Are there t Of2 speclTlc cnallenges In Implementing a tnougntTul evaluatlon system In low- erforming schools? CD: Not really. It's the same challenge, Just harder. One of the problems in low-performing schools is that teacher turnaround is higher, which means they could have more novice teachers. Beginning teachers, because they are inexperienced, need more intensive supervision and coaching than do their more experienced colleagues.It's essential that both the teacher and the district ascertain whether they are a good match. On the flip side, of course, new teachers frequently come with a lot of energy and enthusiasm for the work, and that can make a real contribu tion to a school. But the higher level of supervision by a principal takes time, and that's one of the issues with any evaluation system – finding the time to do it well. I don't think it's helpful or harmful. It's Just the nature of it. There's also the school culture element.Let's say you're my principal and a typical observation is one where you come in, observe my lesson, write it down, and tell me what I did wrong or right. l, as a teacher, have done nothing. If the school culture is one of inspection, then all I would want to do is to â€Å"get through† the evaluation. I'm not going to try anything interesting in my class while you're there. That typical process of where my role as a teacher is passive. There's no learning for me as a teacher. Creating a different type of culture is a leadership challenge.For the new teachers not to be performing at the same level as experienced teachers – that's natural. The culture should be one where professional growth and learning are understood to be part of everyone's Job forever, and learning is not a sign of deficiency. To have an effective teacher evaluation system, you need good, trained evaluators and more time from teachers and administrators to discuss performance and improve teaching and learning. ED: What about the problem of resources, especially in times of budget cuts?How do schools and districts keep their commitment to this type of a teacher evaluation system? CD: I don't think it's a resource problem. It's a prioritization problem and also a training issue for evaluators. When a teacher or union activist says that principals don't know what they are doing when theyre evaluating teachers, they are usually right! One of the things I'm working on is an actual evaluator certification program. The need for credentialing evaluators has been written into state law in a few places including Illinois and New York.

Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Philosophy - Assignment Example mises are associated with conclusion to the extent that whenever the former are found to be true, it follows that the latter ought to be true as well, particularly when such premises and conclusion are a sole basis to the justification of an inference 5. Invalid - is, contrary to the state of validity, a term that identifies an argument’s form that possesses a conclusion which is not aligned or is not expected to correspond to the given premises where as such, a false conclusion may emerge out of true premises 6. Sound - pertains to an argument’s property in which all premises are true, thereby reflecting or guaranteeing truth in the resulting conclusion that altogether manifests the pure validity of an argument 7. Unsound - pertains to a trait by which an argument may be assessed as either invalid or valid with at least one false premise so that false premises determine the validity or invalidity of an argument 8. Deductive Argument - is that argument where it is ‘necessary’ for the conclusion to satisfy the premise in such a way as when a conclusion is rather false, there can be no way that this would be arrived at coming from a premise or inference that is true; deductive reasoning is applied herein to enable construction of a deductive argument that proceeds from a general premise toward a specific conclusion 9. Inductive Argument - is that argument where it is ‘probable’ to derive conclusion from an inferred premise such that it would be improbable to yield a false conclusion if the premises are true; inductive reasoning is used herein to establish an inductive argument that develops from a specific premise toward a general conclusion Identify the following fallacies. (For example: â€Å"If you dont agree with the president, you will lose your job. Therefore, if you dont want to lose your job, you had better agree with the president,† would be an Appeal to

Fluride Varnish and how often general and pediatric dentist use them Essay

Fluride Varnish and how often general and pediatric dentist use them and how they feel about pediatricians applying them - Essay Example Health professionals, nevertheless, endorse prevention of oral diseases first to parents through proper oral hygiene for preventive purposes (Nowak, 2006). It has been noted among experts about the lack of information on what is the extent of damage on fluoride use to children (Moss, 2005). In fact, use of fluoride toothpaste is actually recommended during infanthood as soon as a substantial quantity of baby teeth have grown as part of the proper care for children's teeth, although it is also highly recommended that a pediatric dentist be sought for any necessary treatments such as the use of fluoride varnish (Jacobs, 2005). Starting in 1977 until 2003, the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry or AAPD advocated the use of fluoride as "a safe and effective adjunct in reducing the risk of caries and reversing enamel demineralization," to the extent that AAPD encouraged public health officials, health care providers, parents and caregivers to "optimize fluoride exposure," (AAPD, 2003). Nevertheless, the "Policy on Use (cannot delete "Use" because it is the title of a policy!) of Fluoride" cautioned the use of topical fluoride-containing products to young children to prevent ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride (Warren & Levy, 1999). Fluoride varnish is considered as one of the breakthrough innovations in dentistry. The simple coating of fluoride treatment can provide long-term dental relief. Accordingly, fluoride varnish has higher concentration of fluoride compared with other forms of dental enhancements. Fluoride varnish is less toxic and provides no harm to children. According to Autio (2000), fluoride varnish quickly adheres to teeth and it takes less time than other topical treatment to be released to the tooth surface nurturing the minerals in the teeth. Toxicity has been a major concern with fluoride treatment especially among children ages 6 and below. In previous studies, it has been proven that fluoride varnish has the lowest rate of fluoride in the blood plasma compared with other topical treatments making it a safer choice for children (Moss, 2005). The use of fluoride varnish has been commonly seen in Europe. Also, the commercialization of fluoride varnish has become a crucial component of its introduction to other locations such as the United States, and some parts of Asia. Most important, the efficacy of fluoride varnish has been widely recognized (Moss, 2005). Fluoride varnish is a liquid coating that is applied to the teeth using a brush. The liquid dries quickly minutes after the application. Fluoride varnish provides a protective coating of fluoride on teeth. According to studies (Moss 2005 and Autio, 2000). The fluoride is released over a period of months that strengthens teeth and prevents tooth decay. The fluoride varnish needs to be reapplied every 3-4 months to maintain its effectiveness. This tasteless liquid has been used in several dental clinics. It has also been proven to be effective in preventing tooth decay and other related dental problems (Autio, 2000 and Moss, 2005). Fluoride varnish is safe as approved by the American Dental Association (ADA). After the fluoride varnish is

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper Essay

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper - Essay Example Early nursing theorists aimed in defining what is nursing; conversely, contemporary theorists discussed the metaparadigm concepts in more depth, gave high regard to nursing actions in particular, and attempted to provide the rationale as to when is nursing necessary (Daniels, 2004). The works of contemporary theorists like Myra Levine, Dorothea Orem and Sister Callista Roy as highlighted by Daniels (2004), serve as the theoretical basis for a variety of interventions in current nursing practice. In the theories formulated by Sister Callista Roy which is known as the Adaptation Theory and in the Self-Care Theory by Dorothea Orem, the concepts given emphasis pertain to Man, Health, the Environment and Nursing (Timby, 2009). Man as defined by Dorothea Orem in her Self-Care Theory, is â€Å"an individual who utilizes self-care to sustain life and health, recover from disease or injury, or cope with its effects† (Timby, 2009, p. 7). On the contrary, according to Sister Callista Roy in her Adaptation Theory, Man is â€Å"a social, mental, spiritual and physical being affected by stimuli in the internal and external environments† (Timby, 2009, p. 7). In these two definitions of man, it is evident that man as described in the Adaptation theory portrays the different dimensions of a man whereas man in the Self-Care Theory is depicted in general. Health is the product of practices that people have learned to carry out on their own behalf to maintain life and well-being as stressed in the Self-Care Theory by Dorothea Orem (Timby, 2009, p. 7). Conversely, Health is defined as the persons capability to respond appropriately to changes in the environment (Timby, 2009). It is apparent that the two aforementioned theories defined health in varied ways; Self-Care Theory views health as an end product of individuals practices while Adaptation Theory deems that health is

Colonialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonialism - Essay Example A treaty influenced by the Pope in the year 1494 demarcated the world into two sides between Catholic Spain and Portugal. Spain sailed into North and South America in search of precious metals and gave little thought to colonizing the areas they went through. However, when other powerful countries like France began taking an interest in the region did Spain start making permanent settlements in North America (Mignolo and Ennis, 2001). Other evidence of the economic reason for colonization can be seen from the influx of the French and Dutch powers into the colonial race. This started as late as the 16th century when both of the powers came into North America and started setting up colonies. This was done with the express aim of exploiting the resources of the New World to benefit the areas back home. However, religion also played a factor in the setting up of colonies, especially in the case of British controlled North America. First, the Pope in 1494 influenced the drawing up of the treaty that saw the demarcation of the world between Spain and Portugal (Mignolo and Ennis, 2001). One of the main aims of the Catholic Church was to make a lot of converts from the natives in the regions. In the case of the British and the development of different colonies, examples can be cited of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Plymouth Colony in North America was predominantly set up by religious separatists who wanted to be separated from the Church of England. In much the same way, the Massachusetts Bay Colony started commercially but most of its inhabitants became people escaping religious and Crown persecution in England. In this way, the colony nearly became a purely theocratic rule where the church had ultimate authority in all decisions (Mignolo and Ennis, 2001). From an analysis of the two main reasons for the creation of colonies in the Western

Critically evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of expansion via Essay

Critically evaluate the benefits and disadvantages of expansion via organic growth versus expansion via acquisition. using real - Essay Example This global business related news is encouraging in the context of financial downturn of the year 2008, still casting its shadow on the global growth of large businesses. Luypaert & Huyghebaert (2007) attempt a statistical analysis of the expansion via acquisition strategy becoming a trend, as in 2005 only, 29,585 acquisitions got materialised. Companies prefer to grow and expand through acquisitions rather than organically because it is the quicker way of growth relatively to internal growth as the aimed company is well positioned with its production, distribution and customer base. It also minimises the risk of investing for the increasing growth of the company. Otherwise also, expansion via acquisition could prove to be cost-efficient way out relatively to organic growth, especially when the replacement cost of assets is higher than the concurrent worth of the aimed assets. Another benefit of the expansion via acquisition is that in comparison to organic growth, it can be acquired by paying through the stock as well. It can be a way-out for companies facing cash-crunch or for those companies already deficient in debt power. Literature reveals that during flourishing stock market behaviour, bidding companies prefer to pay for the acquisition through stock. Irrespective of this fact, expansion via organic growth and via acquisitions is mutually inclusive investment decision for a firm; it can be an added advantage to choose any of the expansion methods rather than selecting a single alternative. Before taking a decision to go either for internal expansion or expansion via acquisition, thorough research needs to be made to gather industry impact and aggregate market variables for opting out external expansion. There might be the possibility that firm size may artificially hold the impact of industry concentration whereas the market-to-book ratio may reveal the comfort of bidding firms to reward aimed shareholders with stock if stock markets are flourishing. Ind ustry features are crucial factors like the potential for economies of scale, industry concentration, sales growth and deregulation, and aggregate market variables, like historical volume of merger and acquisition, stock prices, GDP growth and the output spread (Luypaert & Huyghebaert, 2007). In a mutually inclusive relationship between internal growth and expansion via acquisition for making investment, a company may opt for growth via expansion additionally to organic or internal growth. Financially sound companies with enough investment possibilities would prefer to practice both options of growth for leveraging from competitive advantage as early as possible. In case, firms face cash crunch, they might prefer an alternative of the two. Strategies for both kinds of growth options need not to be necessarily related. Statistical research on the connection between external and internal growth is limited with complicated outcomes. Hay and Liu, as cited by Luypaert & Huyghebaert (2007 ) evaluate M&A in the UK across 1971–1989 and find that M&A and organic expansion are supportive to each other. On the opposite side, Dickerson et al., as cited by Luypaert & Huyghebaert (2007), employing data on UK listed companies in manufacturing during 1948–1970 and 1975–1990, note that the connection between organic growth and the possibility of expansion through acquisition is surely negative, which underscores that these growth strategies are to be used alternatively (Luypaert & Huygh

Diversity Leadership - No African-Americans Here Case Study

Diversity Leadership - No African-Americans Here - Case Study Example Beliefs, with regards to an organization, are the plans based on the values that will see the organization attain its visions. Attitudes, in an organization, are the positive and negative thoughts of business proceedings that people have (Thomas, 1991). Finally, values are the issues that organizations put first when forming a basis of their ethical actions. Culture can be defined as a pattern of shared assumptions that an organization learns as it deals with its daily issues of internal integration and external adaptation, which has worked well enough to be perceived as valid. Therefore, culture refers to the correct way of thinking, perceiving and feeling with regards to organizational issues (Hofmann & Nelson, 2001). Climate, on the other hand, is the long-lasting quality of the overall organizational environment. This is in proportion to the experience of the workers, an influence of their behaviour, as well as the attributes of the organization (Johnson, 2009). In addition, climate can be referred to as the phenomenological, but external factors that take place around an organization, for instance, the way social environment is experienced by members of the organization. Cultural competence is at the centre of managing diversity within an organization (Dreachslin, 1996). Whereas a few individuals appear to be born with cultural competence, a great number of people have had to put consideration attempt into developing cultural competence. As perceived by many scholars, cultural diversity could have stern effects on an organization if not tackled correctly. However, the best results of an organization could be achieved if its workers portray cultural diversity. This is because cultural competence can motivate staff members or prevent them from being dissatisfied with the organization’s policies (Evans, 2003). Cultural competence attracts prospective workers, and this is beneficial to the organization.  Ã‚  

Security Informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Informatics - Essay Example Sine examples of well known companies that have suffered huge losses due to cyber attackers corrupting or manipulating their data resources are Yahoo, AOL, E-bay, Citibank and Egghead.com. This effectively brings us to the first reason why firms share information regarding their security state. To strengthen one’s information security numerous organizations recognized a key factor being the gathering, analysis and sharing of information related to the actual, as well as all unsuccessful attempts at, computer security beaches. This very notion lead to the formation of the industry- based Information Sharing and Analysis Centers (ISACs) which aimed at enhancing protection of the cyber infrastructure of various firms. By this mutual collaboration, despite the fact that various companies reveal information that could be considered embarrassing regarding their security state, they benefit greatly in other ways. These being on receiving end of various security practices and solution s which would result in the production of much more secure products and an increase in the overall market demand for security enhancing software and hardware. True there are several benefits if the firm chooses not to disclose information about their security state in terms of financial costs incurred post disclosure, the negative publicity that might result in loss of market shares and an increase in the likelihood of leakages by increasing the number of holder’s of the information regarding sensitive security flaws. However the firms after a cost-benefit analysis chose to share security information due to two key advantages. The first is the private firm specific benefit which aims at preventing further security breaches and future fraud losses. By spending on identifying and repairing existing vulnerabilities the firm cuts costs in terms a prevention of future security threats. Furthermore the increased amount of sales due to an acquisition of a better security reputation and goodwill as a result of these measures more than covers up the initial financial cost invested. By reporting a security breach to central monitoring the firm effectively sends a strong message to the customer that portrays them as responsible, committed to developing rigorous security procedures designed to protect and take care of the customer and a company more reliable as well as secure. This positive image does wonders for the company in terms of profitability and market share. The industry benefits are the other reason for information sharing by companies. As there is an increase in the overall customers’ trust in transacting with a particular firm it directly affects the overall market size within the industry. This increase in the customer base simply by addressing their fears of privacy and information security related issues leads to more cross selling and upsellling by companies. B2C e-commerce is also positively impacted for the very same reason. Look at the wo nders Amazon’s efforts in terms of protecting the integrity of customers’ data and increasing confidence in online purchases has paved way for numerous online businesses to initiate operations and be acceptable to consumers. There are three dimensions of uncertainty that exist in vulnerabilities. Firstly there is representativeness, which is mainly applied in order to assess the probability that an object or an event A belongs another process B. Availability of

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (SLP) Essay

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (SLP) - Essay Example Moreover, constant review of data and information security conducted by the company is also an important part of the Information Security Policies of OSF ([1] OSF Healthcare, 2013). Hence, it can be stated that the Information Security Policies of OSF Healthcare is quite well developed being in alignment with the strategic goals of the organization. Information Security Policies and Measures of OSF Healthcare OSF has implemented certain crucial measures with regard to ensure confidentiality, availability and reliability of data and information related to operational activities of the organization. For instance, OSF has taken the initiative to maintain secrecy of the personal information of the patients they serve in front of any unauthorized party. Furthermore, the company also ensures optimum security in its computer database as well as memory storages of other communication networks, in order to protect all the confidential information related to the operations of the organization and the people they serve. The organization is further tied up with well known and leading data warehousing services providers, i.e. Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW), that is entitled to look after each and every aspect of data and information storage related operations of the organization. ... ross-Community Access (XCS) system that enables it to ensure availability of the data related to patients throughout its various other branches with utmost convenience and security. Hence, it can be stated that this measures or approaches of the company strengthen information security and sensitivity altogether by facilitating data disbursement and simultaneously, preserving information security (Informatics Corporation of America, 2013; OSF Healthcare, n.d.). The ways through which OSF could protect from the loss of its data and steps to make sure that data remains accessible in the event of a catastrophe Protection of Data Lost Losing any important information or data from the data base and other data storage system might significantly impact the operations of OSF, hindering its strategic goal to suffice the medical needs of the patients within due time and involving minimum costs. To mitigate such situations, OSF has adopted many strategies, as described above. Apart from those, t he organization could adopt certain measures that might deliver effective and noteworthy results regarding the concerned issue. For instance, EDW, which is responsible for managing all the data recorded by OSF, should ensure multiple powers and battery back-ups, which are accounted to be the most common causes of data loss. Regular data backups is also another basic and effective measure that EDW could implement in order to mitigate data loss from system failures or other incidents (Knox, McNitt & Westman, 2013). Steps To Ensure Security of Data and Information from Catastrophic Event Data and information of any organization remains in constant threat from various external and internal agents, like unauthorized access and other distortions when transmitting information. However, the threat

Organic vs. Industrial Food Essay Example for Free

Organic vs. Industrial Food Essay Have you ever been standing in the grocery store, undecided on whether there really is a difference between the standard store brand ribeye steak and the organic, grain fed, free range ribeye that costs twice as much? Ever had little devil on one shoulder telling you one thing, and the angel on the other convincing you the devil is wrong? Is cost the only thing holding you back from shelling out a few extra sheckles for the more expensive steak? Have you heard about the health benefits of eating organic? Then maybe it is time you learned about the true benefits of organic food. In doing so, it may just change your life and blow your mind. Eating industrial foods can cause a bevy of health issues today, such as exposure to toxins, as well as leading to diabetes and heart disease, and choosing to eat organic foods instead will help to resolve those issues. While organic foods are thought to be quite a bit more expensive than the standard, this is not always the case. One article quotes â€Å"Your local food markets will often have lower prices on organic food items than traditional grocery stores. (Lotich, 2010, para 1). You have to take into consideration that in this day and age, almost any meal that you eat has an organic alternative, or can be prepared by using all organic ingredients. In knowing this, you may actually find that there are a number of other ways that you may go about saving some money, while incorporating organic foods into your daily diet. One of those things you can do is make yourself aware of the various farms that are putting out organic foods. Most folks think that organic foods are all produced by small, family owned farms. As I very recently found out, some of the most successful organic farms are very large and on a global scale. Take Earthbound Farms for example. They are a very successful and very large farm, consisting of over 30,000 acres. Their website states â€Å"We’ve been farming for more than 25 years now, and we’ve become the country’s largest grower of organic produce, committed to being a catalyst for positive change in our kitchens and our environment (Earthbound Farm, 2012, para 4). Buying from this company not only promotes eating healthier, but also supports a company that is looking out for the environment as well. Not only are some of the most successful organic farms gigantic and global, but so are some of the enormous corporations that buy organic food (Whole Foods, Wal-Mart, Safeway and Kroger’s). That being said, if you can research and recognize some of these brands, what at first glance may seem like big-box packaging may indeed turn out to be a cost efficient and healthy organic alternative to what one may typically buy in stores today. Thus it turns out, eating organic may not be as expensive as we first thought. In conjunction with steps such as planning your meals ahead of time, organic food just may actually be cheaper overall than industrial foods in many instances. Planning meals ahead of time is a smart move. I recently read that â€Å"When you have a detailed shopping list and go to the store with a plan, youre much less likely to splurge on extras or expensive instant meals. And when you have a firm plan in place, and the food has already been purchased, you wont end up wasting money in the drive thru spending your money on overpriced fast food (James, 2008, para 2). This is an issue that I think most of us face from time to time. Being smart can help reduce these unnecessary costs. It is important for consumers to really research organic foods and the cost benefits of choosing to go that route. You can end up eating better, as well as saving money. The healthy benefits of eating organic are yet another good reason to choose an organic diet. Recent studies have shown that â€Å"The published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. † (Novella, 2012) That being said, the same studies do show that eating organic foods does reduce the reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The EPA states that â€Å"consumers are looking to organically grown and produced foods as a way to reduce exposure to synthetic pesticides (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). That certainly is a reason to make the switch. Also, if you are planning meals as aforementioned, and buying ingredients for those meals fresh, as opposed to meal mixes and processed industrial foods, then you are also in control of the amounts of fats, sugars, and such that are in your meals. This is also a healthier option. Taking control of what you eat is important. I imagine most people want to control what they put in their bodies, and eating organic foods can help you do just that. Without eating organic foods, you can run the risk of leaving yourself open to all kinds of diseases and other health issues. All in all, the evidence seems mounting in favor of converting to a healthier lifestyle. Eating organic food seems like both a smart, and strong way to making the transition. It is easier than exercising, and in most cases, would probably provide a better feeling in the long run. â€Å"The American College of Sports Medicine advises adults to do moderately intense cardio exercise for 30 minutes a day, five days a week or do vigorously intense cardio for 20 minutes a day, three days a week to stay healthy (Kunz, 2011, para 2). Exercising is important as well, but if you are eating the wrong foods, all of your hard work may be for not. So think about making the switch to organic foods. Starting off small can lead to big changes for you and your loved ones. Bibliography Earthbound Farm. (2012, December 6). The Earthbound Story. p. 2012. James, B. (2008, November 20). Five Benefits of Planning Meal Menus for Your Household. Yahoo! Voices, p. 1. Kunz, M. (2011, October 19). Does Exercise Offset Unhealthy Eating? Exercise Eating Healthy, p. 1. Lotich, B. (2010, December 28). 10 Easy Ways To Save Money On Organic Food. US News, p. 1. Novella, S. (2012, Sept. 05). No Health Benefits from Organic Food. Science-Based Medicine, p. 1. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2012, December 6). Pesticides and Food. Pesticides: Health and Safety , p. 1.

Diversity Dimension Differentiate Range Visible Non Visible Differences Business Essay

Diversity Dimension Differentiate Range Visible Non Visible Differences Business Essay Generally, diversity is any dimension that is used to differentiate a range of visible and non-visible differences that exist between groups or people. An inclusive view of diversity means understanding and valuing the characteristics and beliefs of those who demonstrate a wide range of characteristics. Such as, differences in ethnicity, gender, age, nationality, disability, sexual orientation, education, and religion (RBC, 2009). A broad conceptualization of diversity has the capacity to recognize not simply individual diversity, but also the heterogeneous nature of diverse social groups within the workforce (Liff, 1999), for example women, minority ethnic groups and disabled. There are various differences human resource management find when accommodating or integrating diversity and fairness (equal opportunity) into their organisation employment process. Although sometimes used interchangeably, the terms equality and diversity are not the same. When diversity is used in contrast to equality, it is about recognizing individual as well as group differences, treating people as individuals, and placing positive value in the community and workforce. Whereas, equality is about creating a fairer society were everyone can participate and has the opportunity to fulfill their potential, (DH, 2004). Equality is the idea of equal treatment and respect, where as, diversity is more than this as we all bring with us diverse perspectives, work experiences, life styles and cultures. Some use diversity as a descriptive term for an approach intended to provide a certain social environment in which people are not excluded from the activities of society, such as education, employment, or health care, on the basis of immutable traits. According to Paul Ricky (2000), there are two levels of diversity; first level dimensions consist of characteristics that are impossible or difficult for individuals to change. Second level dimensions comprises of characteristics which individuals have a degree of control through choices about their acquisition and modification. Whereas equal opportunities are about ensuring that everyone is entitled to freedom from discrimination. There are two main types of equality encompassed in equal opportunities thus equality of treatment which is concerned with treating everyone the same. In an organizational context this recognizes that institutional discrimination may exist in the form of unfair procedures and practices that favor those with some personal attributes, over others without them. Therefore the task of equal opportunities is concerned with the elimination of these barriers. The second one is equality of outcome which focuses on policies that either have an equal impact on different groups or intent the same outcomes for different groups, (Marjon, 2009). On the other hand when we talk about managing diversity, we are referring to the harnessing of these differences to create a productive environment in which everyone feels valued, talents are fully utilized and organizational goals are met Kandola and Fullerton (1998). Lorbiecki and Jack (2000) highlighted that United Kingdom seem to fix peoples differences into six main groups through legislation and does not allow for change or movement. Legislation is a law that aims to change peoples behavior to conform to a certain standard (rules). Hence why their diversity management limits itself to six main groups and this suggest that someone will always be discriminated against as people do not always fit nicely into one group. Where as equal opportunities focus on creating equality of opportunity, regardless of any differences (Johnstone, 2002). Equal opportunities approach is a legislation that should indicate a state of balance yet legislation itself is about controlling, standardizing and ensuring everyone follows the same rules. The same can be said about managing diversity as it aims to control people through policies and procedures. Managing diversity standardizes people by allocation them into groups, encouraging them to follow certain rules or (legislation) and use this to control them. From this, the term managing diversity could be a more liberal or free thinking word for legislation, as they both have the same agenda which is to conform and set standards that everyone must follow . This portion of the business case, often referred to as inclusion, relates to how an organization utilizes its various relevant diversities. As a source and driver of innovation, diversity is a big idea in business and in society, (RBC, 2009). The business case for diversity, theorizes that in a global marketplace, a company that employs a diverse workforce (both men and women, people of many generations, people from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds) is better able to understand the demographics of the marketplace it serves and is thus better equipped to thrive in that marketplace. The real benefits of having a diverse workplace of employers and employees who value one another and the different contributions they can make to help a business achieve its potential; that is maximizing profits. Perhaps the most compelling argument underlying the business case for diversity relates to marketing and business development, (Marjon, 2009). Diversity training aims to combat racism, sexism, exclusion, and ethnocentrism. However, todays marketplace offers an additional connotation which is more positive as it gives business a competitive edge in an increasing global community, (DTUI, 2004). The business can benefit from multicultural workforce expertise, for example if a UK company does business in Asia, having British-Asian on your negotiating team would greatly improve your chances of success, (Thiederman, 2002). In addition, recruiting a diverse workforce has tangible benefits as many businesses find it helpful to have a workforce that reflects the community and international market place they trade in. This can help them tailor their goods and services so as to build trust and goodwill among customers and suppliers thereby improving their reputation as a diverse business. Diversity is beneficial to businesses as it brings better decision making and improved problem solving, greater creativity and innovation, which leads to enhanced product development, and more successful marketing to different types of customers, Fine (1980). Other benefits of business building a diverse workforce include: having a wider range of resources, skills and ideas among your employees, improving staff retention, leading to lower recruitment and training costs and increasing employee efficiency and reduced stress due to cross-functional teams, that is employees are capable of a variety of roles due to their different backgrounds and skill sets. It also enables businesses to build a competitive edge in recruitment and retention as you can select from a bigger pool of candidates. By recruiting employees from under-represented businesses avoid claims of unfair discrimination by employing women in a traditionally male environment. An additional corollary suggests that a company that supports the diversity of its workforce can also improve customer satisfaction, productivity and retention. By recruiting employees from under-represented groups, they can avoid alienating potential customers. For example a diverse workforce can also help business understand their customers better by helping to identify: problems that customers may have, such as language barriers and poor access for disabled people and how customers with different religious beliefs or from different backgrounds might react to their business or product (Business Link, 2009). If a workforce is diverse, but the employer takes little or no advantage of that breadth of that experience, then it cannot monetize whatever benefits background diversity might offer. Some organizations believe that simply having diversity and equal opportunities policies is sufficient evidence to tackle discrimination, (see Richards, 2001). However legislation cannot change the way people think, their inner beliefs and feelings therefore they break the law. This is probably due to the fact that equality policies fit disadvantage people into groups, as explored by Kirton and Green (2005) and this focus of difference seem to disadvantage people. In addition to this statistics from ACAS (2008) reported that discrimination claims have increased over the year. This proves that legislation failed to control people or organizations from discriminating and there is still the notion of stigma existing in the midst of our society regardless of the law. The law as suggested by Johnstone (2002) does not promote diversity and does not actually recognize the term diversity but instead compliance with the law is a business case for any organization to adopt a diversity policy as it acts as standard guideline to avoid discrimination. The law, as explored by Kirton and Green (2005, pp.169), does not have mystical powers to change society. Arguably, the social justice and business case arguments for diversity are complementary, because unless people are treated fairly at work they will feel less than fully committed and will therefore under-perform. But diversity takes equality forward, and evidence indicates that organizations that are serious about diversity show better overall financial performance. There are three broad strands supporting the case for going beyond what is required by legislation and introducing diversity policies: people issues, market competitiveness, and corporate reputation. Organizations which follow them are also more likely to find it easier to comply with increasingly complex legal obligations, not least because diversity will be embedded in their cultures. The social justice argument is based on the belief that everyone should have a right to equal access to employment and when employed should have equal pay and equal access to training and development, as well as being free of any direct or indirect discrimination and harassment or bullying. This can be described as the right to be treated fairly, and  the law sets minimum standards. Yet in reality unemployment is twice as high among people from ethnic minorities, although there are relatively more Chinese, Indian and Black African graduates than white graduates. Only 12 per cent of white men are in professional occupations, as opposed to 21 per cent of Chinese and Indian men. A diversity approach understands that our social identity in terms of gender, race, disability, age, social class, sexuality and religion will impact on our life experiences. For example, occupational segregation; women make up almost 75 percent of the NHS workforce but are concentrated in the lower-paid occupational areas: nursing, allied health professionals, administrative workers and ancillary workers (DH, 2005). Also people from black and minority ethnic groups comprise 39.1 percent of hospital medical staff yet they comprise only 22.1 percent of all hospital medical consultants (DH, 2005). Good diversity practice identifies these patterns of experience based on group identity, and the challenging processes that limit individuals potential health and life chances. Historically, employers ignored certain difference. However, individual and group diversity needs to be considered in order to ensure that everybodys needs and requirements are understood and responded to within employment practice and service design and delivery. One way in which organizations have responded to the issue of diversity in recent years has been the development of flexibility in working practices and services. For example, an employer may allow an employee to work a flexible working pattern to accommodate child care arrangements, or a GP surgery may offer surgeries at the weekends in accommodate those who work full time during the week. Another example of diversity in practice was shown by Worcestershire County Council in 2002 when they launched, Worcestershire We All Make It Unique. This was a four phase race diversity communication and training programme designed specifically to raise awareness among employees and to improve customer service, particularly in the larger ethnic minority communities that it served. This example shows quite starkly that organizations situated in seemingly ethnically homogenous locations, who claim that diversity is not relevant for them, may need to look more closely at their customers and the sub-regions and divisions of the locality in which they operate because these may have greater diversity and differing requirements CIPD, 2009. Hence why, employer engagement is a vital driver for organizations top and bottom-line performance. Employer engagement can be broadly defined as employers consistently acting in the best interests of the organization and in this context it is linked to raising public awareness. These in turn, inform intersecting relationships between employer skills needs and education (work-based learning), educational and workplace competency, and quality (accreditation of employer based training, and credit accumulation and transfer systems) and vocational competency (fit for practice, and fit for purpose), Springerlink (2009). Human resource managers must be willing to work towards changing the organization in order to implement a culture of diversity and inclusion. There is a compelling business case which should encourage organizations to look beyond legal compliance with anti-discrimination laws to a value-added approach enabling competitive benefits to be gained from developing good practice. Therefore diversity strategies need to be designed to support business objectives and strategies to add real value to business performance. Just doing diversity for cosmetic reasons is misguided and can result in undesirable outcomes such as raising expectations through false promises. When implementing a diversity programme it has to go far beyond the limits of equal employment opportunity and affirmative action. High performing diversity managers recognize that specialized skills are necessary for creating a productive, diverse workforce. They seek out continuous learning opportunities and some go as far as acquiring certification. Assessment skills and diversity education are key elements of culture change. However, the leaderships support of the change cannot be understated. Effective communication is very crucial in implementing a diversity programme. Brownells 2003 article identifies three skills which help to develop effective communication in diverse organizational environments. These skills include self-monitoring, empathy, and strategic decision-making. Self-monitoring refers to the communicators awareness of how his or her behavior affects another person, empathy enables the receiver to go beyond the literal meaning of a message and strategic decision-ma king implies that the sources, channels and substance of the messages conveyed, are mindfully selected, Adam (2007). The key to implementing a diversity approach is increasing individual awareness of and sensitivity to differences of race, gender, social class, sexual orientation, physical ability, and age Page (2007). There are several ways to go about creating the multicultural organization that performs extremely well. For example, Cox mentions language training as a way to promote a multicultural organization. Language training is important for companies hiring foreign nationals. This type of training helps to communicate to employees that languages, other than English, are highly valued. In addition equal opportunity seminars, focus groups, bias-reduction training, research, and task forces are methods that organizations have found useful in reducing culture-group bias and discrimination Fine (1980). While diversity in the workplace brings about many benefits to an organization, it can also lead to many challenges. It is the responsibility of managers within organizations to use diversity as an influential resource in order to enhance organizational effectiveness. Walck (1995) defines managing diversity in the workplace as negotiating interaction across culturally diverse groups, and contriving to get along in an environment characterized by cultural diversity. There are many challenges faced by culturally diverse workplaces, and a major challenge is miscommunication within an organization. In an article by Brownell (2003), she explains that meanings of messages can never be completely shared because no two individuals experience events in exactly the same way. Even when native and non-native speakers are exposed to the same messages, they may interpret the information differently. Cultural bias which includes both prejudice and discrimination is an additional factor which challenges culturally diverse work environments. Prejudice refers to negative attitudes toward an organization member based on his or her culture group identity, and discrimination refers to observable adverse behavior for the same reason, Fine (1980). Another challenge faced by diverse organizational environments is assimilation. According to Fine (1980) assimilation into the dominant organizational culture is a strategy that has had serious negative consequences for individuals in organizations and the organizations themselves. Those who assimilate are denied the ability to express their genuine selves in the workplace; they are forced to repress significant parts of their lives within a social context that frames a large part of their daily encounters with other people. People who spend significant amounts of energy coping with an alien environment have less energy left to do their jobs. Assimilation does not just create a situation in which people who are different are likely to fail; it also decreases the productivity of organizations Page (2007). Other organizational theorists have suggested reasons that work-teams highly diverse in work-relevant characteristics can be difficult to motivate and manage. Pages (2007) mathematical modeling research of team work supports this view. He demonstrated that heterogeneous teams consistently out-performed homogeneous teams on a variety of tasks. He also points out that diversity in teamwork is not so simple in the messy real world. Too often the cultural differences create problems. The goal is to manage diversity to take full advantage of it. Figure 2 below shows how organizations can move from where most are at present to a situation in which diversity successfully enters the mainstream. Figure 2: CIPD (2009). In order for diversity efforts to succeed, organizations must hold everyone; (individual, interpersonal, group and organizational) accountable through a proactive, progressive that is both prospective and retrospective, (Thiederman, 2002). Diverse organizations will be successful as long as there is a sufficient amount of communication within them. Because people from different cultures perceive messages in different ways, communication is vital to the performance of an organization. Miscommunication within a diverse workplace will lead to a great deal of challenges. In addition for diversity management to be successful it should engage with all business processes and stakeholders and not limited to the Human resource function.   Finally for any diversity programme to be successful after its introduction it needs to go beyond legislation compliance (following rules) to ever attempt to treat people the same and avoid discrimination. Never the less, to be inclusive and equal to all, organizations may need to respond differently to individuals or groups. Therefore, a commitment to equality in addition to recognition of diversity means that different can be equal. REFERENCING Brownell, J., 2003. Developing Receiver-Centered Communication in Diverse Organizations. Listening Professional, 2(1), pp.5-25. Business Link. 2009. Widen your choice of employees to improve competitiveness. [Online] Available at: http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCESitemId=1074421939 [Assessed 27 November 2009]. CIPD. 2009. Managing diversity in practice: supporting business goals. [Online] Available at: http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/dvsequl/general/_mngdvprsmy.htm [Assessed 5 December 2009]. Diversity Training University International. 2004. What is the diversity training profession? [Online] Available at: http://www.dtui.com/qapg1.html [Assessed 20 November 2009]. Faculty Development. 2008. What is equality and diversity? [Online] Available at: http://www.faculty.londondeanery.ac.uk/e-learning/diversity-equal-opportunities-and-human-rights/what-is-equality-and-diversity [Accessed 29 September 2009]. Fine, M.G., 1980. Cultural Diversity in the Workplace: The State of the Field. Journal of Business Communication, 33(4), pp.485-502. Heathfield, S.A., 2009. What Is Human Resource Management? [Online] Available at: http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_management.htm [Accessed 14 October 2009]. Johnstone, S., 2002. IRS Managing Diversity in the workplace. 1st ed. London: LexisNexis. Kirton, G. Green, A., 2005. The Dynamics of Managing Diversity: A Critical Approach. 1st ed. London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Kirton, G. Greene, A., 2000. The dynamics of managing diversity: a critical approach. Butterworth Heinemann: Oxford. Lorbiecki, A. Jack, G., 2000. Critical Turns in the Evolution of Diversity Management: British Journal of Management, 11, pp.18-31. Page, S., 2007. The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Available at: http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8353.html [Assessed 1 December 2009].   Price, A. HRM Guide Network. 2007. Organizational HRM. [Online] Available at: http://www.hrmguide.net/hrm/chap4/ch4-links.html [Accessed 14 October 2009]. RBC. 2009. What is Diversity Inclusion? [Online] Available at: http://www.rbc.com/diversity/what-is-diversity.html [Assessed 15 November 2009]. Richards, W., 2001. Evaluating Equal Opportunities Initiatives. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Springerlink. 2009. Competencies and employer engagement. [Online] (Updated 5 February 2008) Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/24612303714832jm/ [Assessed 30 November 2009]. Thiederman, S., 2002. Why Diversity Counts -The Business Case. [Online] Available at: http://www.multiculturaladvantage.com/recruit/metrics [Assessed 10 November 2009]. University College Marjon Plymouth. 2009. What is Diversity? [Online] Available at: http://www.marjon.ac.uk/aboutmarjon/diversity/whatisdiversity/ [Accessed 29 September 2009]. Walck, C.L., 1995. Editors introduction: Diverse approaches to managing diversity. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 31, pp.119-123.

Sustainable development of Caribbeans tourism industry

Sustainable development of Caribbeans tourism industry The research topic of this paper is Sustainable Development of the Caribbeans tourism industry through proper environmental planning. The research question is the Caribbeans vulnerability and its ability to survive within a global landscape is an ongoing concern. Research was conducted via the internet and articles. Information was gathered covering the various related topics of this paper. This paper will discuss three main objectives. The first objective will deal with the benefits of the Caribbeans tourism industry making mention to two Caribbean islands. In addition to this it will look at the disadvantages and advantages of the tourism industry in the Caribbean. Next it will look at environmental planning and its impact on tourism. This area will make mention to role of the environment in the tourism industry and ways of preserving and conserving our environment. It will also make mention of the adverse effects of tourism on the environment and actions that have been taken to reduce these negative impacts. Finally, the opportunities for the Caribbean as it relates to tourism with their existing resources and make recommendations that may bring the Caribbean tourism industry to a wider world. The paper is intended to give an overview of the Caribbeans tourism industry and how the Caribbean can reach sustainable development by overcoming all negative environmental problems. The Caribbean on a whole has suffered economically, socially and environmentally. Governments seek to improve the quality of life through the existing industries but how can we reach to a point where we have sustainable development in our islands. The aim is to build this through tourism and the environmental planning. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Another key term would be that of environmental planning (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2009). Environmental planning as defined as any planning activity that with an aim to preserve or enhance environmental resources. It looks at how society at present can affect the natural environment both current and in the future. Considerations include, water, land, pollution and other natural resources (The Environmental Education Directory, 2004). The tourism industry has been the driving force for most islands in the Caribbean for the past twenty years. In Grenada for instance, Agriculture was once the driving industry but due to natural disasters and damaging of the Agricultural properties, tourism has taken over as the major driving force in the country but how beneficial is this industry really. Tourism has contributed towards the economy, social lifestyle and ecology and the sustainability of each in the Caribbean (World Trade and Tourism Organization and International Hotel and Restaurant Association (WTTC and IHRA, 1999). Tourism has proven to be a good source of income for many islands. The tourism industry is divided into five different sectors namely accommodation, food and beverage services, recreation and entertainment, transportation and travel services all of which plays an important role in the industry. Others include telecommunications, and manufacturing. With this in mind, tourism is a large provider for jobs for the people of the Caribbean. It has been forecasted that in 2010 Tourism will contribute approximately 11.7% of the worlds GDP and employment for approximately 255 million world-wide (WTTC, 1999) The tourism industry has also fostered improved infrastructure in many Caribbean islands which in turn attracts more foreign investments for foreigners. The need for improved infrastructure is to facilitate tourists. The quality of roads and buildings are very important. In islands where both are not at high standards this may pose problems to the many sectors within industry such as accommodation, that is, the hotels and resorts. In addition, there are many tourists that travel to the Caribbean by cruise ships so it is important the ports can accommodate the large numbers at any given time with efficient service as well (Ellen, Karen WTTC, 2009). It has played a significant role in the Caribbeans up bring. For instance, look at Jamaica, Bahamas, and Trinidad. Tourism in Trinidad accounts for 10.6% of the countrys Gross Domestic Product that is, 14,116.9 Trinidadian dollars and 14.7% of total employment that is, 88,000 jobs. These figures are also expected to rise by 2019 (WTTC, 2009). The same applies for Jamaica where tourism contributes 45% of Jamaicas foreign income and employs 300,000 Jamaicans directly and indirectly (Jamaica Economy, 2008). As it relates to Bahamas, one of their biggest drivers is Tourism. In Bahamas, tourism and other tourism driven sectors account for 60% of their GDP. It employs approximately 50% of their population (The Bahamas, 2009). Overall in 2008, Tourism has accounted for 14.8% of the Caribbeans Gross Domestic product and 12.9% of employment (Nurse, Keith, 2008). Whilst accommodating tourism and its benefits to the Caribbean, the impact of the tourism industry on the environment but be taken into consideration. In other words, how are the related on what impacts do they have on each other. For most tourist destinations, what attracts tourists to the country is the quality of the environment, the many reasons existing in the Caribbean. For this reason, the environments sustainability and preservation is vitality important to the industry. The environment usually provides attractions and sight-seeing for tourists. The resources available in a country both natural and man-made are essential to industry. Combined with infrastructural developments such as roads and airports, the hotels, resorts and marinas, the environment plays a very significant role in the tourism industry. A country lacking proper tourism facilities may negatively impact the economic growth in this industry. In eco-friendly Caribbean islands the marina which is home to many sea creatures must be preserved (WTTC, 1999). Water as a natural resource is highly demanded by the tourism industry in aid of facilitating and accommodating tourists. Tourists rely on water for consumption and personal use. Restaurants use water for cooking and many resorts have pools as an enhancing feature for the tourists. Land area is utilized as well for building hotels and restaurants. Despite the fact that tourism seems to rely heavily on the environment, there are many adverse impacts that tourism has on the environment. Tourism attracts many tourists to the islands of the Caribbean and in effect leads to the overuse of the resources of the environment. For instance, in order to facilitate tourists, accommodation must be provided. One negative impacts of this is deforestation where forests are cut or burnt down to facilitate the building of the hotels and resorts. Another negative impact would be that of increased pollution. Tourist travel around the island sight-seeing increases the chance of land, air, sea and noise pollution. Often times waste is improperly disposed off harming the surroundings and in many cases marine life. In addition to this the marine life as it relates to the coral reefs have been greatly affected by tourism. They are often overused and damaged as a result (WTTC, 1999) Another impact is the increase in diseases. Many of the tourists come to the islands with air-borne diseases from their environment posing a threat to the Caribbean (Anonymous, 2009). In many instances some natural resources are depleted. This occurs when there is an increase in the consumption of any particular resource that is scarce. Water is one of the many resources that when overused results in shortages and possible degradation. This can also increase water pollution since more and more water is able to settle allowing for static water and possible growth of bacteria contaminating the environment. In order to reduce the negative impacts that tourism is having on the environment considerable planning must take place. The hotel industry has implemented certifications in their hotels. One main certification on stream is the Green Globe 21 certification. With this certification hotels are required annually to conduct their business practices in such a way that the environment is being protected. They aim at reducing the amount of water consumed through recycling and conserving energy. Introducing awareness programs about the endangered environment is very important. Many persons are unaware of the consequences of their actions and educating the public on these will give them that drive to protecting the environment. One example of how the public can help protect the environment is through car pooling where persons group up and travel using one vehicle as opposed to the three individuals vehicles. This would help reduce the amount of gas emission into the atmosphere (Sapayan, Maria, 2009). In 2005, Antigua Barbuda, the Sustainable Island Resource Management Mechanism (SIRMM) project was introduced to reduce the problems they experience with over exploitation of the natural environment. It covers are land degradation, poor water quality, loss of biodiversity and many other factors and areas affected (SIRMM Project, n. d.). In many islands, actions have been taken against over harvesting of the marine life. Fishermen often times remove to many of the marine animals in their quest to make a profit, hampering further growth for the future. This has been a threat to the ecosystem of the Caribbean. Governments have implemented close seasons for hunting and fishing in many of the islands. There is need for improvement in this area since many fishermen use this as their source of income by providing fish for hotels and restaurants (Anonymous, 2006). Ecotourism is another means of eliminating the negative impacts of tourism on the environment. Ecotourism is a tourism aimed at preserving the environment. Any island that focuses on ecotourism as their income earners places more emphasis in the preservation of their environment (Mader. C, Pemberton. K Carlisle. A, 2005). The Caribbean aims at expanding and finding a place in the Caribbean and there are many opportunities in doing so. One major opportunity is diversity. The Caribbean for many years has focused on their beautiful beaches, their warm weather, and their white sand. In other words, the three Ss, Sun, sand and sea, the main resources available on the islands. Diversity will not only bring a new look to the experience for tourists but it will boost the Caribbean economy. Many larger tourist destinations have diversified their products and services. They have utilized many of their resources and stepped away from traditional. In the Caribbean stepping away from the traditional is an opportunity for further growth in the tourism industry (Hoschtialek. R, Nov 24 2009). In Grenada for instance, we advertise our white sandy beaches with clear blue waters but what about our ecosystem. How often is our coral reefs made mention of in the Caribbean. For the past decade or so there have been improvements in the products and services which have proven to cause an increase in the number of visitors to the islands (Hoschtialek. R, Nov 24, 2009). There are however many more areas to tap into for instance in Grenada, Levera beach is the Caribbeans third largest turtle nesting area. The tourism industry can develop more into these areas as added attraction for tourists visiting the islands. Also in Grenada, an underwater sculpture museum was built being the first of its kind in the Caribbean. This opens up to diversity. Tourism can use their many resources to introduce innovate ways of entertaining their visitors (Hoschtialek. R, Nov. 24, 2009). Another opportunity lies in Montserrat where the islands volcanic background can be used as a sight-seeing attraction where tourists get the opportunity to see the volcanoes and the remnants of it (Hoschtialek. R, Nov. 24, 2009). Dominica is one island that have tapped into the opportunity of making their environment more eco-friendly. They have invested much into eco-tourism more so than any other island. They place emphasis on enhancing the marine life and use that to their benefit for tourists visiting the island. This is an opportunity present for all islands and is sure to increase the number of investors in the islands since more and more persons are becoming environmentally friendly. This can therefore boost our economy with the foreign direct investments that these may offer (Caribbean Land and Property, 2008). From this report, when looking at the vulnerability, sustainability and the Caribbeans place in the World it is evident that through the tourism industry and environmental planning that the Caribbean can engage into a wider world. The tourism industry has proven to pose both advantages and disadvantages to the Caribbean. In many cases it has been beneficial to the Caribbean by creating job opportunities and boosting the economy. However, with it relying so much on the environment, it has had some negative impacts on the environment. With aims of improving the ways of preserving and conserving the environment, the tourism industry can invest in actions that would bring the environment to a more stabilized one. Environmental planning will decrease the risk associated with tourism because all of the negative impacts are addressed before hand. With this combination of the tourism industry in the Caribbean and proper planning in preserving the environment the Caribbean can have sustainable development and bring a brighter and safer future for individuals all through the cooperation of those now. The Caribbean will grow into a more open place and reap from the benefits while seeking more opportunities for further development. References Anonymous, (2006). Environmental Planning: Educational and Career Outlook. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http://www.enviroeducation.com/majors-programs/env-plan.html Anonymous, (2006). SIRMM Project, A step forward in conserving the environment. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http://www.environmentdivision.info/?q=node/168 Anonymous, (n.d). Caribbean Ecotourism Yields Economic Rewards for Investors, Real estate for ecotourism Supports Caribbean Sustainable Development. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http://www.prlog.org/10127079-caribbean-ecotourism-yields-economic-rewards-for-investors.html Babu, N. (n.d.). Environmental planning as a tool for environmental protection the need and the possibilities. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from (http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/overview/envo0002pf.htm Charles. M, Pemberton. K, Carlisle. A, (2005). Ecotourism as a Means of Conserving Wetlands. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http://www.allbusiness.com/finance/1166294-1.html CTV Canada am. (2009). Loren reveals why you should reconsider the Caribbean. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20091123/loren_blog_091123/20091123/ Ellen. K (n.d.). EHow, What are the Benefits of tourism in the Caribbean? Retrieved on November 20th, 2009 from http://www.ehow.com/about_5234349_benefits-tourism-caribbean.html FAS Productions, (2008). Jamaica Economy. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http://www.all-jamaica.com/jamaica/economy.html Hoschtialek. R, personal communication, Nov. 24th, 2009 Nurse, K, (2008). International Centre for Trade and sustainable development, Climate change, tourism and services in small islands. Retrieved on November 19th, 2009 from http://ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/34826/ Sapayan, M. (n.d.). Ezine articles, Ways in Preserving the Environment. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http://ezinearticles.com/?Ways-in-Preserving-the-Environmentid=2463133 Schultz. E, (2009). Caribbean Construction Digest, Preserving our environment. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http://www.cariconstruction.com/?p=174 U.S Department of State, (2009). Background Note : Bahamas. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1857.htm World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our common future. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http://www.iisd.org/sd/